Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde coursework Essay Example for Free

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde coursework EssayDr Jekyll and Mr Hyde has appea conduct to a wide audience from the first time it was create in 1886 to the present day. What do you think are the reasons for this?The story of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was first published in a time when classes separated the rich and the poor. These classes never sundry(a) and never talked. The poor classes lived on 1 side of London and the rich classes lived on the other. The rich would of never had been thought about the poor because there was rattling few means of learning. Before the story of Dr Jekell and Mr Hyde the two classes would excite read different books scarcely when the book was published it had elements that appealed to both classes.The genre of the book is mediaeval horror and fiction. The elements of gothic in it are the horror, super natural and the mystery. It also has a dark and very gloomy setting and it talks about the smogginess lying very low on the floor.For a moment, the fog wou ld be quite broken up,and a haggered shaft of daylight wouldglance in in the midst of the swirling wreaths.This is gothic because it is quite mysterious and spooky. This could appeal to many another(prenominal) people because this is like real life with the smog coming under the door. People could relate to this.It forever has a dark and gloomy character in it to. In this case its Mr Hyde. This dark and gloomy character first appears in the beginning of the novel were he tramples the little girl.and then the horrible part of the thingfor the man trampled calmly over the chills body and left her screaming on the groundThis would have ball over many people at the thought of this tragedy.I think this is such a popular genre because it gives people the fear without actually getting hurt. This would have been the only type of scary entertainment that they had. Readers would have loved the thrill that it gave them.Mr Enfield witnessed the attack and was horrified when discussing it wi th a friend as they walked finished the park. It sound secret code to hear, but it was hellish to seeI think that this is a really important part to the story. There were many stories with death and murder in them but this book was particularly unusual.The castle of otranto was the first gothic novel and laid the foundations for future novels such as Frankenstein and Jekell and Hyde.During the 1800s people technology was not as sanitary advanced as it is today so Dr Jekell would not of understood the changes completely. When Mr Jekell takes the potion and begins to transform but he doesnt know that this could change his life forever and eventually led him to death.Hydes house is in the Soho area, which in the 1800s would have been the poorest area in London. The description of the house sound very dark, gloomy, and depressing. This is the kind of area and house that you would expect a murder to come from. On the other hand the other side of London would have been the area were th e richest people would have lived. These were well-respected people and these were the people everyone valued to be.During this time there was a serial killer on the lose Jack the ripper. His first Victims started with prostitutes and eventually moved on the people with little money and no family. He was never caught although there was p pattern to every murder he committed. To many people Jack the ripper was life imitating fiction because the things that he did and the circumstances that he did them in sounded just like a story or a novel. People also thought that that Jack would of got his ideas from the story Jekell and Hyde. This young uses suspension and tension all the way through the book. We often have to play a detective in this story and all the way through we are given pieces to fit together. At the end all revels itself and the mystery is solved.In my conclusion Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was a very enjoyable read. It was also very arouse because it gave an image of what t he life was like in the 1800s. I never realised that Victorian life was so hard. Still today I think that many people enjoy the story of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. I think this is because it is a very unusual book and appeals to a wide audience rather than just one type of person. This could be one of the reasons why it is so popular. This book has been around for almost a 100 years and I think that it has got many more than enjoyable years to go.

The SayNo website Essay Example for Free

The SayNo website EssayThe SayNo website with URL http//www. sayno. com/hallucin. html stated the other label of hallucinogens in which they are also known like Peyote, Mighty Quinn, Gelatin etc. It also discussed the signs and effects of using hallucinogens. Hallucinogens can cause paranoia and profound feelings. It branch said what kind of medicines are hallucinogens then the meaning of hallucination. The categorization of hallucinogens and where it can be found can be also obtained from this website. For example, the category Ibogaine can be found in an African shrub. The website also posted the withdrawal process that can be done for the benefit of the drug user.It has also links on the 3 signs of Marijuana, the brain on drugs, the rave scene, why people respond differently to substances, and withdrawal and detox get the facts. The emedicine website with the URL http//emedicine. medscape. com/article/293752-overview offered a undecomposed background for hallucinogens. I t included the history and discovery of hallucinogens. It also talked about the pathophysiology of hallucinogens meaning its classifications. The main groups include lysergamides, phenylethylamines, piperidines, indolealkylamines, and cannabinols.(Richards, 2006) It briefly discussed the Lysergamides, Phenylethylamines, Piperidines, Indolealkylamines, and Cannabinols. Other hallucinogens like mushrooms were also said in this website. The frequency of hallucinogen use was also posted in this website. International use of hallucinogens was also described here. Research on age and sex of hallucinogen users were also identified. It also generously posted the clinical history of hallucinogens as well as the physical symptoms of it. Links to an overview, differential diagnoses, treatment and medication, follow-up and multimedia of hallucinogens were also given here.I must say that this website is very informative. NSW wesite with the URL http//www. health. nsw. gov. au/public-health/dpb/ publications/hallucinogens. html defined the term hallucinogen and gave the other forms of hallucinogens. Effects of hallucinogens intercede and long term effects were also discussed in this website. Tolerance and dependence to hallucinogens were also posted here. Tolerance means that you must take more of the drug to feel the same effects you used to have with smaller amounts. With hallucinogens this happens very quickly. (NSW, 2003) There were also laws given here that could put the user in lock in or make them pay for a certain fine due to drug usage. They also gave a 24 hour confidential telephone guidance services. REFERENCES NSW Health. (2003). Hallucinogens Factsheet. Retrieved April 11, 2009 from http//www. health. nsw. gov. au/public-health/dpb/publications/hallucinogens. html Richards, M. E. , Parish, B. S. , Cameron S. (2006). Hallucinogens. Retrieved April 11, 2009 from http//emedicine. medscape. com/article/293752-overview Say No. (2008). Hallucinogens. Retrieved A pril 11, 2009 from http//www. sayno. com/hallucin. html

Praktische opdracht bsm

Praktische opdracht bsmInleiding1.1 Aanleiding en beschrijving wagon train heated up onderzoekEen paar maanden geleden las ik een artikel in heated up up(p) up(p) Algemeen Dagblad digital audiotape ging over kinderen met overgewicht in de gemeente Westvoorne. In back breaker artikel werd beschreven digital audiotape 1 op de 6 kinderen in mijn woonomgeving last heeft a traint-garde overgewicht. Hier schrok ik best vanguardguard, aangezien ik dacht digital audiotape dit probleem niet zon grote rol speelde binnen mijn omgeving. Fout gedacht dus. dot bracht mij op heated idee om te onderzoeken hoe dit probleem heeft kunnen ontstaan en waarom athletic contest zo belangrijk is voor de jeugd. Ook ben ik er benieuwd naar wat ons land doet om sport te stimuleren. 1.2 OnderzoeksvragenIn dit werkstuk zal ik de volgende hoofd- en deelvragen gaan behandelen Hoofdvraag Ieder kind heeft recht op sport, wordt dit ook voldoende nageleefd in Nederland?DeelvragenWaarom is sport zo belangrijk ?Waarom sport niet ieder kind?Wat doet Nederland en met name mijn regio aan dit probleem?Wat kan sport betekenen voor een kind?Resultaten2.1 Waarom is sport zo belangrijk? brag is meer dan slechts lichaamsbeweging. Het leert manpowersen met elkaar om gaan, heated up verbetert de gezondheid en het biedt ontspanning. Met name jongeren tussen de 9 en 19 jaar kunnen accession sport op een positieve manier worden benvloed. Eerlijkheid en hulpvaardigheid, respect en je best doen voor jezelf en voor je team zijn belangrijke normen en waarden stall je binnen iedere vorm van sport terug ziet komen. Daarnaast biedt sport veel voordeel voor zowel je geestelijke amyotrophic later(prenominal)al sclerosis je lichamelijke ontwikkeling.Vooral voor kinderen is het goed om al op jonge leeftijd in aanraking te komen met sport. Op deze manier kunnen de jonge spieren en gewrichten zich goed ontwikkelen en voorzichtig worden getraind. Ook kunnen kinderen weerstand opbouwen, waar gateway ze babyminde r vatbaar zijn voor bepaalde ziektes. Bovendien kan voldoende beweging er voor zorgen dat de bloeddruk op peil blijft en dat de kans op ouderdomsverschijnselen , bijvoorbeeld artrose (gewrichtslijtage), vermindert. Naarmate een kind ouder wordt, kan het aan intensievere vormen van sport, zoals teamsport, gaan deelnemen. Presteren gaat hierbij een grote rol spelen. Binnen de teamsport trainen de teams meestal prudish keer per week en in het weekend worden de wedstrijden gespeeld. Naast het verbeteren van de techniek, wordt er ook gewerkt aan het verbeteren van de conditie. variationen in teamverband maakt het veel gemakkelijker om te gaan sporten, je doet het immers samen. Samen met je team vorm je een hechte floorshow en access die teamspirit kun je elkaar motiveren om beter te presteren. Een keertje geen zin hebben zit er dus niet in, je kunt namelijk de rest van je team niet in de steek laten. Ook ontmoet je andere mensen. Ieder weekend neem je het op tegen andere tegenstander s en je leert op een juiste manier met elkaar om te gaan. Tijdens het sporten gelden er regels, zowel tijdens de gymles op tame, als tijdens het voetballen op straat of tijdens het sporten op de sportvereniging. Deze spelregels zijn nodig om het spel of de wedstrijd zo goed en eerlijk mogelijk te laten verlopen. Ook zorgen regels er voor dat sporten leuk blijft. Je aan de spelregels houden hoort nu eenmaal bij het spel, maar er zijn natuurlijk ook een aantal ongeschreven regels waaraan je je moet houden. Zo respecteer je altijd de beslissingen van de scheidsrechter en de fouten van je teamgenoten of tegenstanders. Een mooi woord hiervoor is fair play.Bij tieners is het voor het eerst lichamelijk goed te zien wie er wel en wie er niet sport. Vooral rond deze leeftijd gaan de spieren zich sterk ontwikkelen. Bij niet-sporters blijft deze ontwikkeling uit. Niet-sporters passen vaak hun eetpatroon niet aan, aan de mate van hun lichaamsbeweging. digital audiotape is gevaarlijk, omdat ook het vetweefsel zich rond deze leeftijd gaat ontwikkelen. Daarom is het voor tieners dus unnecessary belangrijk om te sporten en zo hun lichaam niet te beschadigen, maar juist te ontwikkelen.Sport werkt ook geestverruimend. Je ontsnapt eventjes van de dagelijkse routine en kunt voor een moment al je problemen vergeten. Bovendien kan sport je zelfvertrouwen vergroten. Met name als je door middel van sport wilt afvallen, word je door goede resultaten extra gemotiveerd om ermee door te gaan. Door zelfstandig te sporten krijg je vanzelf meer zelfdiscipline. Je wordt minder afhankelijk van anderen en doet gewoon je eigen ding. Ook leer je goed aan te voelen wat je wel en niet aankunt. Tijdens het bewegen verbrand je calorien. Deze verbranding zorgt voor een lager cholesterolgehalte. Een te hoog cholesterolgehalte is een van de hoofdoorzaken voor het krijgen van hart- en vaatziekten. Om deze ziekten te voorkomen is het daarom belangrijk om voldoende te bewegen en niet al te vet te eten.K ortom, sport brengt veel voordelen met zich mee. Het goed voor je gezondheid, je geest en je sociale leven. Ook kan het nare ouderdomsziekten voorkomen en bovendien is het erg leuk. Daarom is het belangrijk dat zo veel mogelijk mensen gaan sporten2.2 Waarom sport niet ieder kind?Sport bestaat al eeuwen lang. De Oude Grieken organiseerden in 1776 voor Christus al de eerste Olympische Spelen. Tegenwoordig wordt sport gezien als een populaire manier van vrijetijdsbesteding. Er wordt steeds meer en op steeds jongere leeftijd gesport. Toch doet lang niet iedereen mee. Dat is erg jammer, aangezien sport erg goed voor je is.In vergelijking met twintig jaar geleden is het aantal kinderen met overgewicht verdubbeld. In Nederland is zelfs n op de acht kinderen te zwaar en dit aantal zal naar verwachting in de loop der jaren alleen nog maar toenemen. Dit zijn geen goede vooruitzichten, omdat overgewicht grote gezondheidsrisicos met zich meebrengt. Overgewicht wordt niet alleen veroorzaakt door teveel eten, maar ook vooral door te weinig beweging. In minder dan 5% van de gevallen wordt overgewicht veroorzaakt door ziekte, medicijngebruik of door erfelijkheid.Dat het aantal kinderen met overgewicht is verdubbeld heeft niet te maken met het feit dat ze meer zijn gaan eten. Het heeft meer te maken met wat ze eten. Tegenwoordig eten kinderen veel meer tussendoortjes dan vroeger. Daarbij moet je denken aan snoep, chips en snacks. Hierdoor gaan kinderen minder eten tijdens de belangrijke maaltijden aan tafel zoals het ontbijt, de lunch en het avondeten. De tussendoortjes bevatten veel koolhydraten en suiker. Zij vervangen niet de voedingstoffen die de grote maaltijden bevatten. Ook de stijgende welvaart heeft een hoop veranderingen met zich meegebracht. Zo komt het de afgelopen jaren steeds meer voor dat ouders na het werk even snel iets makkelijks te eten ophalen of hun kinderen meenemen om eventjes wat te gaan eten in een restaurant. Ook technische innovaties in de keuken zoa ls de magnetron en de frituurpan maken het erg verleidelijk om iets te snacken in plaats van een verse maaltijd klaar te maken. Bovendien besparen magnetronmaaltijden een hoop tijd en moeite, je hoeft het er immers alleen in te schuiven en te wachten tot het klaar is. Voor de makkelijke weg kiezen is niet altijd even slim. Magnetronmaaltijden bevatten vaak veel energie en zout, in plaats van goede voedingsvezels en vitamines. In combinatie met onvoldoende beweging kan dit leiden tot een energieoverschot en later tot overgewicht. Kinderen hebben wat dat betreft weinig inbreng als het gaat om gezonde voeding. Ouders geven niet altijd het goede voorbeeld.Ook fastfoodketens doen een duit in het zakje. Ketens zoals bijvoorbeeld MacDonalds richten hun reclame volledig op kinderen. Door de leuke verrassinkjes in de Happy Meal worden kinderen massaal verleidt tot een bezoekje naar de Mac. Om hun kinderen te belonen nemen ouders hun kinderen zo nu en dan mee naar de MacDonalds. Voor een keer tje is dat niet erg, maar het moet natuurlijk geen gewoonte wordenOvergewicht wordt uiteraard niet alleen veroorzaakt door te veel en ongezond eten, ook een gebrek aan beweging speelt hierbij een rol. Door de ontwikkeling van de televisie, de computer en de spelcomputers hebben kinderen steeds minder zin om buiten te spelen of om te gaan sporten. Ook scholen schenken weinig aandacht aan bewegen. Zij stellen cultuur voorop.Als sport niet van huis en van school uit wordt gestimuleerd, kan je het de kinderen niet kwalijk nemen dat ze weinig sporten. Hier ligt een taak voor scholen en opvoeders. Zij moeten sport stimuleren. Ook sportvereniging zouden meer clinics en sportdagen kunnen organiseren om kinderen enthousiast te krijgen voor sport.Natuurlijk zijn er ook een hoop kinderen die graag zouden willen sporten, maar dit niet kunnen vanwege hun gezondheid, handicap of door een gebrek aan financile middelen thuis. Voor deze groep kinderen moet er een oplossing gevonden worden, zodat ook zij in aanmerking kunnen komen voor sport.2.4 Wat doet Nederland en met name mijn regio aan dit probleem?Het Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport wil meer burgers stimuleren bij het kiezen voor een gezonde en actieve leefstijl. Sport en beweging horen hier natuurlijk bij. Het Nationaal Actieplan Sport en Bewegen richt zich op een gezonde dagelijkse dosis bewegen, waarbij alle mogelijkheden benut worden. Het NASB focust zich op vijf belangrijke gebieden, namelijk wijk, school, werk, zorg en sport. Deze gebieden worden zo ingericht dat de omgeving moet uitnodigen tot meer sport en bewegen.In 2005 heeft de overheid de zogenaamde beweegnorm combinorm ingevoerd. Men voldoet aan deze norm wanneer er aan de Nederlandse Norm Gezond Bewegen en/of aan de Fitnorm wordt voldaan. Om binnen de NNGB te blijven moet men minimaal 30 minuten per vijf dagen in de week matig intensief bewegen. Bij matig intensief bewegen moet je denken aan het maken van een wandeling of aan het doen van kl usjes in en om het huis. Voor de jeugd tot 18 jaar wordt 60 minuten bewegen per dag vereist op een wat hoger niveau. De Fitnorm houdt in dat met minimaal 20 minuten intensief moet bewegen op minstens 3 dagen per week. De overheid maakt volop reclame voor dit nieuwe beleid, denk maar aan de 30minutenbewegen campagnes.De sportdeelname van mensen met een handicap blijft nog altijd ver achter vergeleken met de deelname van mensen zonder beperking. Om sportdeelname toch maximaal aan te kunnen bieden, probeert de Rijksoverheid met het huidige beleid een grotere sportdeelname te realiseren bij mensen met een handicap. Samen met NOC*NSF en Gehandicaptensport Nederland is de overheid bezig met chucken om de jeugd, maar ook de instellingen waar mensen met een beperking wonen, sportproof te maken. Sport en beweging zijn namelijk voor de gezondheid, deelneming en integratie van mensen met een beperking een grote toegevoegde waarde.De overheid vindt dat jongeren te weinig sporten en bewegen op school en daarom wil zij andere mogelijkheden benutten zoals naschoolse activiteiten in samenwerking met sportverenigingen en de school, opvang en in de wijk, zodat de jeugd toch voldoende beweging krijgt. Om dit te kunnen verwezenlijken is er een goede samenwerking nodig tussen sport, onderwijs en andere lokale organisaties. Door het aanstellen van combinatiefunctionarissen wil de overheid sportverenigingen versterken en het dagelijkse sport- en beweegaanbod op en rond scholen verbeteren. Een combinatiefunctionaris is in dienst bij n werkgever, maar werkzaam voor twee of meer sectoren. In dit geval binnen het onderwijs, sport en/of cultuur. De combinatiefunctionarissen moeten straks de verpersoonlijking worden van hun wijk.Veel verenigingen hebben te maken met een grote uitval van tieners en achterblijvende deelname van allochtonen, ouderen, chronisch zieken en mensen met een beperking. Het aanbod van de sportverenigingen sluit onvoldoende aan op de vraag van het publiek. Daarom sl aan de overheid en de sportsector de handen ineen in het programma Nieuwe sportmogelijkheden om het sportaanbod te moderniseren. Dat moet leiden tot een aantrekkelijk aanbod, dat aansluit op de vraag van huidige en nieuwe leden.Bij het programma Meedoen alle jeugd door sport wordt sport ingezet om volwaardig burgerschap te bevorderen en sociaal isolement te voorkomen. Ook overlast en probleemgedrag door jongeren moet op deze manier verminderen. Rentegratie is nog een doel dat de overheid met dit programma probeert te bereiken. Mensen ontmoeten elkaar namelijk via sport en het overbrugt beperkingen, verschillen in religie, seksuele geaardheid, klasse en kleur.Keyplayers is een Europees netwerk van landen die pleiten voor een actieve jeugdparticipatie binnen de sport. Zij richten zich op jongeren tussen de 14 en 24 jaar. Jongeren moeten niet alleen deelnemen aan sportieve activiteiten, maar ook actief betrokken zijn bij de opzet en uitvoering ervan. Wanneer jongeren meer invloed hebbe n op het sport- en beweegaanbod, zal het ook beter aansluiten op hun wensen en zal de participatie vergroten. Ook zet deze organisatie zich in om gezondheid te bevorderen, overlast te verminderen en om persoonlijk te groeien. Sport en bewegen wordt hier als middel gebruikt. In 2000 is het shake off WhoZnext van start gegaan. Het doel van dit project is niet alleen sportstimulering voor de jeugd, maar ook een actievere betrokkenheid bij het bedenken en het uitvoeren van sportactiviteiten. WhoZnext roept alle jongeren op om samen sportactiviteiten te organiseren. Dit kan in de buurt,op school of op de sportvereniging zijn.De WhoZnext-teams worden ondersteund door een volwassene, die gebruik kan maken van diverse sportinstrumenten. Deze instrumenten zijn door het landelijke projectteam van het Nederlands Instituut voor Sport en Bewegen beschikbaar gemaakt. In elke provincie zijn er commissies, die actief ondersteuning bieden bij de opzet van het project in de gemeente. Met het project WhoZnext Johan Cruyff Foundation willen de organisaties ook jongeren met een lichamelijke, verstandelijke of meervoudige beperking sportactiviteiten laten organiseren. Elk whoZnext-team krijgt vanuit de Cruyff Foundation activiteitengeld, whoZnext-kleding, geld voor een teambuildingsactiviteit, een toolkit en een gratis training. De school zorgt zelf voor een coach die het team gaat begeleiden en moet zelf 500 beschikbaar stellen aan activiteitengeld.De Johan Cruyff Foundation is een organisatie die zich richt op het bevorderen van het geestelijk en lichamelijk welzijn van kinderen. Dit doen zij bijvoorbeeld door het aanbieden en stimuleren van sportactiviteiten, het financieel ondersteunen van organisaties en projecten met dezelfde visie en door sport in combinatie met onderwijs en gezondheidszorg te stimuleren, voor het belang van minder kansrijke kinderen en jongeren op te komen.Daarnaast schenkt de organisatie ook veel aandacht aan kinderen en jongeren met een handicap. De Jo han Cruyff Foundation wil niet alleen dat de projecten die zij steunt met sport en spel te maken hebben, maar ook dat de uitvoering ervan op sportieve wijze worden uitgevoerd. Veel elementen uit de sportwereld, zoals bijvoorbeeld het spelen in teamverband en een grote mate van inzet, zijn ook belangrijk bij het realiseren van projecten. Samenwerking en eigen inzet zijn van groot belang.In 2003 is de Johan Cruyff Foundation gestart met het aanleggen van Cruyff Courts. Door de aanleg van de Cruyff Courtswordt defunctie van het oude trapveldje, weer terug in de wijk gebracht. Op deze manier krijgen de kinderen uit de buurt een veilige en goede plek om te spelen en te sporten. Er zijn ook Cruyff Courts aangepast. Dit zijn multifunctionele trapveldjes die zo toegankelijk mogelijk worden gemaakt, zodat ze ook voor kinderen met een beperking te betreden zijn.Cruyff Court aangepast. Bron http//www.cruyff-foundation.org/smartsite.net?id=854Special Heroes houdt zich ook bezig met sportstimule ring voor kinderen tussen de 6 en 20 jaar met een handicap. Via een uitgebreid sportstimuleringsprogramma, dat in overleg met de scholen wordt uitgevoerd, wil de organisatie laten zien en de kinderen laten ervaren hoe leuk sport kan zijn. De leerlingen krijgen op deze manier de kans om uitgebreid kennis te maken met sport- en beweegactiviteiten.Het jeugdsportfonds Rotterdam is een middel om kinderen met financieel minder draagkrachtige ouders een kans te bieden om toch te kunnen sporten. Kinderen tussen de 4 en 17 jaar, waarvan het gezinsinkomen niet meer is dan 120% van het wettelijk vastgestelde minimuminkomen, kunnen in aanmerking komen voor een fonds. Het motto van dit fonds is dat financin nooit een belemmering mogen zijn om kinderen niet te kunnen laten sporten. Het fonds vergoedt twee soorten kosten. De eerste is de vergoeding voor de contributie van een sportvereniging en de daarbij behorende sportartikelen zijn de tweede kostenpost die worden vergoedt. De maximale bijdrage per kind per jaar bedraagt 250,-.Een aanvraag verloopt altijd via een intermediair. Dit is iemand die op een professionele manier bezig is met kinderen, zoals bijvoorbeeld een meester of juf op school. Wanneer een aanvraag wordt goedgekeurd, zal het sportfonds de contributie direct naar de sportvereniging overmaken. De eventuele vergoeding voor de sportartikelen wordt gestort op de rekening van de intermediair. De ouders ontvangen dus nooit geld.Sport is er voor iedereen en dus uitermate geschikt om mensen en bevolkingsgroepen te binden en de ongerechtigheden in de samenleving weg te poetsen. Voetbal is een van de populairste sporten in Nederland. Daarnaast spelen de voetbal purchase orders een belangrijke maatschappelijke rol. Zij nemen namelijk een centrale plek in, in de harten van de supporters en zij zijn daarom bij uitstek geschikt om mensen aan te spreken op hun gedrag, verantwoordelijkheden en zaken zoals hun gezondheid. Ook de voetbalclubs zelf profiteren van deze actieve o pstelling de club wortelt zich steviger in haar omgeving, de fans zijn meer betrokken en het doet de reputatie van het voetbal goed. De Stichting Meer dan Voetbal gebruikt de kracht van voetbal voor een betere samenleving. De kernthemas van de Stichting zijn Sportiviteit en respect, gezondheid en participatie. Veel Eredivisieclubs dragen hun steentje bij aan de maatschappij. In dit geval richten we ons op voetbalclub Feyenoord. Scoren op Zuid is een samenwerking tussen Feyenoord, de deelgemeente Feijenoord en Rotterdam Sportsupport. Het project heeft twee belangrijke speerpunten, namelijk sport en educatie. Feyenoord wil de deelname van jongeren aan sportieve activiteiten en een gezonde levensstijl stimuleren .Daarnaast levert de club een bijdrage aan het verhogen van de motivatie van kinderen bij het volgen van onderwijs en het stimuleren van taal- en rekenvaardigheden. Dit project zal plaatsvinden in de wijken, op scholen en in de Kuip. Vaste ambassadeurs voor Scoren op Zuid zijn Karim El Ahmadi, Georginio Wijnaldum en Leroy Fer. 1Sinds augustus 2003 werkt Feyenoord samen met het Erasmus Medisch Centrum Sophia. De club probeert op verschillende manieren het leven van zieke kinderen op een leuke manier te veraangenamen. Een van deze activiteiten is de jaarlijkse Sophia Dag. Tijdens deze dag wordt een tribunevak in zijn geheel gereserveerd voor de zieke kinderen en hun families. Daarnaast zijn de mascottes en vlaggendragers kinderen die behandeld worden in het Sophia en stellen de Unithouders plaatsen beschikbaar voor kinderen die niet in staat zijn om op de tribune plaats te nemen. Ook wordt er tijdens wedstrijden gecollecteerd door tientallen vrijwilligers. Als tweede grote activiteit heeft het Erasmus MC aan het demoralise van ieder seizoen de primeur van de nieuwe selectie. Nog voor de Open Dag presenteert de selectie zich in het ziekenhuis. Op deze manier zijn ook zieke kinderen een beetje verbonden met sport.Een andere organisatie die zich bezig houdt m et de gezondheid en de sportparticipatie van de jeugd is Scoren voor Gezondheid. Dit is een initiatief van de Eredivisie, de Sponsor Loterij, het Ministerie van Volksgezondheid Welzijn en Sport, het Nationaal Instituut voor gezondheidsbevordering Ziektepreventie en de Stichting meer dan Voetbal. Alle achttien clubs uit de Eredivisie hebben zich bij dit initiatief aangesloten. Het project start met een clinic en een fit- en gezondheidstest in het stadion van de betreffende Eredivisieclub. De spelers uit het team gaan kinderen uit groep 6,7 en 8 van de basisschool helpen bij het kiezen van een gezonde levensstijl. Dit doen ze door de kinderen een contract te laten tekenen waarin zij beloven 20 weken lang het projectprogramma te volgen. Het programma vindt zowel op school als op de club plaats. De kinderen gaan dus naar de voetbalclub en de voetballers komen op bezoek in de klas. Iedere vier weken wordt er een apart thema behandeld. Het programma kan bestaan uit de volgende themas spo rt is coolelke dag ontbijtengezond en verantwoord bewegengezonde voedinglidmaatschap sportvereniging.De reden waarom er juist gekozen is voor professionele voetballers als begeleiders van dit project, heeft te maken met het feit dat kinderen enorm opkijken naar hun idolen. Ze zien een profvoetballer als rolmodel en om te kunnen presteren heb je een gezonde levensstijl nodig. Voetballers kunnen dit als geen ander uitstralen. De kinderen zijn hierdoor vaak beter gemotiveerd om echt hun best te doen en hun levensstijl te veranderen.Stichting PUSH is een welzijnsorganisatie die een bijdrage wilt leveren aan actieve en gezellige wijken/buurten. Om dit doel te kunnen bereiken organiseert de organisatie gevarieerde activiteiten te organiseren die begeleid en uitgevoerd worden door vrijwilligers, bewoners, stagiaires of professionals. De activiteiten vinden plaats in de volgende gemeenten Bernisse, Brielle, Hellevoetsluis, Ouddorp, Rozenburg, Spijkenisse en Westvoorne. Stichting Push doet o ok aan sportstimulering. Hierbij richten zij zich op kwetsbare groepen in de leeftijdscategorien 6 tot en met 12 jaar, 12 tot en met 18 jaar en 55+. Het doel van de projecten zijn gezondheidsbevordering, sportkennismaking en participatie. Enkele voorbeelden van activiteiten zijn sportdagen en gezondheidsprojecten op basisscholen, WhoZnext en emailprotected op middelbare scholen en sporttoernooien in de wijk tijdens de schoolvakanties. Ook mijn gemeente, de gemeente Westvoorne, draagt zijn steentje bij voor de jeugd. In het huidige beleid staat vastgesteld dat basisscholen de kinderen tijdens de gymlessen kennis moeten laten maken met diverse sporten. Dit stimuleert de overstap van school naar vereniging. Het is de bedoeling dat de leerlingen kennis maken met meerdere takken van sport, zodat zij een gerichter keuze kunnen maken voor een bepaalde sport. De leerkrachten zullen een zogenaamde zapkaart ontwikkelen samen met de plaatselijke sportverenigingen. Dit houdt in dat de docenten en de plaatselijke verenigingen afspreken welke sporten er tijdens de gymlessen worden behandeld, zodat enthousiaste kinderen de overstap van gym op school naar sporten bij een sportvereniging in de buurt makkelijker kunnen maken.Middelbare scholen in de buurgemeenten Hellevoetsluis en Brielle worden benaderd om het sportorintatie programma in beeld te kunnen brengen. De verenigingen uit Westvoorne zullen een aanbod doen voor alle leerlingen dat aansluit op het programma van de sportorintatie op school. Als tennis bijvoorbeeld in de maand april op school aan bod komt, zorgt de tennisvereniging ervoor dat er een aansluitend aanbod is op de vereniging voor de leerlingen die daar interesse in hebben. Het aanbod van de school en de verenigingen zal op elkaar afgestemd worden. Alleen als de gemeente Westvoorne een bepaalde sport niet aan kan bieden dan wordt in de omliggende gemeenten gekeken naar een vereniging die dat wel kan.2.5 Wat kan sport voor een kind betekenen?Sport is er voor i edereen. Verschil in leeftijd, klasse, geslacht en afkomst doen er op dat moment niet toe. Je zou dus kunnen zeggen dat sport verbroedert. Buiten dat is het niet alleen goed voor je lichamelijke ontwikkeling, maar ook voor je sociale ontwikkeling. Door te sporten, omdat moet je veel mensen. Misschien zelfs wel vrienden voor het leven. Dat weet ik zelf maar al te goed. Van kleins af aan ben ik bezig met sport. Van paardrijden, voetballen, tennissen, zeilen, zwemmen tot fietsen, ik heb het allemaal gedaan. Toen ik een jaartje of acht was, ben ik voor het eerst in aanraking gekomen met hockey. Een vriendinnetje uit mijn klas had op een middag training en vroeg of ik zin had om met haar mee te gaan trainen. Sindsdien heb ik zeker negen jaar fanatiek gehockeyd. Heerlijk vond ik het. Niet alleen het spelletje, maar ook de gezelligheid.Mijn team bestond uit meiden van verschillende scholen. Dit maakte het extra leuk om naar de trainingen te gaan, omdat je hen op school niet zag. Samen vorm den we een ontzettend hecht team en hadden we heel veel lol met elkaar. We sleepten elkaar door de zware trainingen heen en wisten elkaar goed te motiveren als een van ons het eventjes niet meer zag zitten. We leerden hoe we moesten samenwerken en respect te hebben voor elkaar, de scheidsrechter en voor de tegenstander. Ook leerden we hoe we winst het beste konden vieren, want winnen deden we zekerDoordat we met elkaar zijn opgegroeid hebben we elkaar, maar ook het publiek zien veranderen. Waar eerst onze trotste ouders ons aan stonden te moedigen, kwam plaats voor onze mannelijke fans. Natuurlijk mochten onze ouders ook nog steeds komen kijken. Zeker naarmate we wat ouder werden en voor het eerst uitgingen, is het contact hechter geworden. Het kwam ook steeds vaker voor dat we na de training op de club bleven hangen en gezellig wat met elkaar en natuurlijk met het mannenteam gingen drinken. Helaas betekende dit weinig goeds voor onze hockeyprestaties. Van topteam gleden we af tot b ierteam, maar dat kon ons weinig schelen. Zelfs met de grootste katers deden we ons best en hadden we het tijdens de trainingen en wedstrijden ontzettend leuk met elkaar. Iedere zaterdag gingen we met veel plezier naar het veld en natuurlijk altijd nog stiekem een beetje voor de winst, ook al kwam dat nog zeer zelden voor. Tijdens wedstrijden werd er niet meer overlegd over de juiste aanvalstrategie, maar hadden we het meer over waar we s avonds eens naartoe gingen, wat we aan gingen trekken en of je dat ene leuke tasje van de ander mocht lenen. Nadat de meeste meiden een vervolgopleiding gingen doen en dus stopten met hockey, is het team uit elkaar gevallen. Ik heb toen nog een jaar in een ander team gehockeyd, maar het voelde niet meer zoals het voor mij was. Ook ik ben gestopt. Wel zien we elkaar nog altijd wekelijks en doen we nog vaak leuke dingen samen. Dat is toch best bijzonder.Sport is dus ontzettend belangrijk. Het heeft een enorme kracht en heeft voor iedereen een andere betekenis. Voor mij betekent sport vooral ontspanning, verlichting en plezier. Ik vind het heerlijk om na een lange schooldag lekker buiten te gaan skeeleren, te hardlopen of te zwemmen. Ook ga ik graag naar de sportschool. Tijdens een zware les Bodypump of Spinning zet ik even mijn verstand op nul en kan ik mijn ei kwijt. Sport is ook heel leerzaam. Zeker wanneer je sport in teamverband leer je een hoop over samenwerking en respect. Zelfstandige sporters krijgen geleidelijk meer zelfdiscipline. Tijdens het sporten ontmoet je ook veel mensen, dat is ook erg belangrijk.Forcial MA2 houdt de stemming erin na de zoveelste nederlaag.3 Beantwoording hoofdvraag en conclusieNa het beantwoorden van mijn hulpvragen, heb ik voldoende informatie om mijn hoofdvraag te kunnen beantwoorden. Naar mijn menig doet Nederland genoeg om meer iedereen aan het sporten te krijgen. De mogelijkheden zijn er zeker, alleen moet men deze ook grijpen Zelf heb ik erg goede ervaringen met sportstimulering via scho ol. Ik volg sinds twee jaar het vak Bewegen, Sport en Maatschappij (BSM). Hierdoor ben ik in aanraking gekomen met verschillende sporten en heb ik ook meegedaan aan de projecten emailprotected en WhoZnext. Samen met mijn klasgenootjes hebben we een sportdag georganiseerd voor de brugklassers. De voorbereidingen waren enorm, maar het resultaat mocht er zeker wezen. Door het sportorintatie programma op school ben ik gaan Bodypumpen, ook heb ik het tennissen weer opgepakt. Sportstimulering via school heeft dus wel degelijk invloed op kinderen.WhoZnext-team HellevoetZnext.1 Zie de bijgevoegde folder en het bijgevoegde lesboekje van Scoren op Zuid

Difference Between Boycotts and Lockouts

Difference Between Boycotts and LockoutsDifference surrounded by ostracizes and lockouts 1- INTRODUCTIONHuman imaginativeness Management (HRM) is the function which clips within an organization .It foc practices on recruitment of stave, managing them and giving them direction to the schoolees who shape in that organization. Human resource management good deal be performed by line mangers (Tesco superstores line manger performs the duties of human resource management ).Human resource management function includes several activities and key among them is deciding to do independent contractor or hire employees to get the job d unitary .Ensuring they argon high motivating, able to work in a team and traffic with performance issues. Human resources management also include employee benefits and compensation and managing your approach to employees records and personnel activities. Managing human capital path to conquer and to maintain raft in the organization, who leave behind w ork and give the maximum of themselves, with a positive attitude.The following work lead attempt to answer the question Do you think boycotts and lockouts are two other anti- dead-end street weapons some ages used by labor and management? An impasse occurs when the situationies arent able to move further toward settlement. Sometimes, a kick occurs. Responding to the use up involves such(prenominal) steps as shutting the facility, contracting work, or possibly replacing the workers. Third party involvement namely, arbitration, fact-finding, or mediation- is one alternative. Examine the steps you will undertake as part of the HR management team, in order to answer this question this project will open with a review of the lit that has been written on the issues raised by the question above. It should be noniced that a vast amount of writing has been done on this issues but scarcely a few of them dimmed to provide the most benefit to the purposes and intend of this assignment h ave been sited.Those countries their economy is operating full employment the bargaining source of the worker is strong and his employer is weak. When there is short fall of full employment then employer is more stronger than employee. In this case employees are compulsory to accept employer conditions.It is acknowledge that the right of workman to batter is an essential element in the principle of collective bargaining.In a non amountized work place, managers use their discretion in organizing work, selection, promoting and training people and other duties of human resource management but it nominate be change if the worker join the sodality. Once the join the union they comes across so mevery apprehension and knowledge about employment relationship. Union main demand is all of its representatives are getting right honorarium ,no job cuts ,no over load of work They have an interest in work related learning and employee development.2-BOYCOTTA group refusal to have commercia l transaction with some organization in expostulation against its policies, usually it happens because of political reason. In other words boycott can be defined as a rejection of an somebody, cop ration or nation to give political and social pressure for change. lesson 1 Swadeshi Movement Against British RulersIn 1905,when India was a part of British empire ,a boycott of foreign goods was declared, which is known as swadeshi movement..Indians boycott all British products, to setup local stores where merely locally reconciled goods had been sold. They could use British products but it was against their sovereignty. This movement was a good step for their freedom movement.(www.india_resource.tripod.com) utilisation 2 United States Boycott Against French ProductsIn 2003,France tried to occlusion bush administration to build international support for a war to depose saddam hussain.In response united states have declared a boycott of French products specially French wine. French win e producers claims their sales are effected in united states because of boycott.(www.nber.org) cause 3 Greenwich Council Workers Boycott Against New placeIn Greenwich council six hundred staff reused to work because there was no security screens on new office entrance .They have boycott to work in new office because of security reason.(www.personneltoday.com)Example 4International CampaignThe international campaign organized against A E Stanly, the corn touch plant in Illinois in early 1990s when 10 12 hours quadruple days weekly shift was introduced. The campaign entailed a boycott of of the essence(predicate) A E Stanley customers like Tate Lyle, Pepsi and miller.(Scullion and Lineham, 2005). 2.1 TYPES OF BOYCOTTSThere are two different types of boycotts Those in which users , consumers, or member register their disappointment through avoidance. Those in which an individual or organization takes a leadership position by increasing an active campaign against a product, service , comp each or organization.2.2 smooth boycott Silent boycotts are unorganized boycotts spread by gossips in revenge of number of reasons and hit the social club before they realize what is happening.Example 5 Toys R Us Boycott Toys of ViolenceToys r us, was the subject by silent boycott. Their top management decided not to sell toys of violence like toy tanks, guns, aircraft and sympathetic products. They did not sit with their customers. As a result their market shares neer fully recover. (www.boycottnet.com)Example 6 IBM Vs CompaqIBM became target of a successful silent boycott, because of its favorable position in which they have treated self-directed distributors. In a result Compaq computers became a very serious threat.(www.boycottnet.com)2.3 Focused boycottIts simplest term, it involves dissecting the problem into its components and then zeroing in on the most vulnerable point.Example 7 Slaves Boycott Sugar ProductsThe earliest example of focused boycott was in England when slaves boycott sugar products. In 1791, when parliament refused to eliminate slavery and result of this boycott sugar sales trim downped by tierce and half. (www.ethicalconsumer.org)3-LockoutsWhen an employer withhold work and denies workers to access their work place. Its a disclose by management to induce settlement to a labor dispute on employers terms. when several employers take this action together its called shut polish up or joint lockouts.A lockout is defined as being the act of an employer in Closing the employers place of business, or suspending or discontinuing the employers business or any demoraliseing time of that business or Discontinuing the employment of any employee or Breaching some or all of the employers employment agreements or Refusing or failing to engage employees for any work for which the employer usually employs employees and Is done with the view of compelling employees, or to aid another employer compelling employees to accept terms of emplo yment or comply with the demands switch by the employer.3.1 REASONS OF LOCKOUTSThere can be many reasons of lockouts such asWhen union goes on strike and employers want to put pressure on union for reducing the number of members who are able to work. employers can announce a lockout until the strike ends. Another case is when an employer mat compel a lockout to avoid slow down or irregular work throw inpages.Example 8 Golden Reach Factory Lockout Its WorkersIn stratum 2003, between march and September when the management of well-fixed reach factory in India locked out,1400 of its workers in response to strike called in protest. The golden reach factory is a auxiliary of unilever an Anglo Dutch conglomerate ,unilever has never declared a lock out in Netherlands conglomerate seems to have different policies towards labor, depending on the expanse which its operates.(www.britannica.com)4-STRIKESUnion and labor associates use strike as weapon to get their demands accepted. Its st arts when bunch of workers want to push pressure on their employers, they cease work until they get there demands accepted by employers. In an industry when trade unions and labor associates denies to work until they get their demand accepted is called strike.In a strike people are agreed to stop their work and protest against their employers or giving medication to put pressure on them to manufacture rise or any other changes they want authorise on their work place.4.1REASONS OF STRIKES portion out union and labor associates calls strike for several reasons such as Salary and incentive problem Increment is not up to mark Dissatisfaction with high society insurance run of a staff wrongly Withdrawal of any perk or concession Hours of work Paid holidays Provident and gratuity Minimum engage dispute Environmental problem on work placeExample 9 Royal Mail Strike For WagesRoyal mail strike called in because of jobs cut, services, struggle, benefits and privatization .Strike i s hitting postal services. Communications workers union (CWU) said 25,000 workers participated in this strike. That was the biggest strike after 2007.Major cities (London, Edinburgh, Ipswich, Bristol, Birmingham) got effected of this strike.Workers are protesting against panic driven cuts being made at royal mail to pay job and services. It effects customer trust on royal mail. Postal workers are fed up because of lack ability of management and their behavior. Royal mail has accused the union of reneging a modernization deal that ended the 2007 strike.(www.guardian.co.uk)Example 10 RMT Vs TFLRMT(rail maritime and transport workers) is largest of the four unions which deals with TFL(transport for London).RMT wants to cancel their contract with TFL because they redundant RMT workers. Even they denies to pay rise.RMT wants a guarantee to protect job of its members.RMT workers called a strike because their demands were not accepted. It effects all the people of London who travel by pub lic transport.(www.guardian.co.uk)Example 11 British Airways Staff For RedundanciesBritish Airways chief .executive (Willie Walsh) has given three weeks notice to BA staff to agree job redundancy and pay cuts. He offered his staff to voluntary redundancies because company is fighting for its survival. As a result strike occurred.BA passengers faced difficulties for traveling. most of the flights were cancelled. That was the worst time for British airways and still not fully recovered. (www.guardian.co.uk) Example 12 National Strike Against Economical Policies19 March 2009,union have called for a strike in France ,to protest against French president Nicolas Sarkozys wrong policies in the economic slump. More than 1.2 one million million million people came on the streets. Employees from the private sector and courtly servants demonstrated in the cities from Paris to Marseille, schools have been close and transportation have badly effected.President Sarkozy has offered 2.6 billion e uro (3.5 billion dollor) tax cuts and aid to unemployed and legality paid workers unions in France demanding for more to protect their workers in the recession time when unemployment has reached 2 million and its expected to outgrowth further.Bernard Thiboult ,general secretary of the confederation general du travel. The country 2nd largest union have said if the government says we will not change the policies then there should be no surprise if climate gets tougher.(www.bloomberg.com)Example 13 Massive Strike In ItalyApril 2002, millions of employees have ceased work and went for strike against government plans to giving special powers to the employer to hire or fire employees easily.The strike was called by three main unions of the country which has brought parts of the country to stand still. Union said rallies in Rome ,Milan, Bologna ,each rally had a crowd of more than 200,000.It was the first all day work stoppage in 20 years. Schools ,banks were remain closed all day even t he public transport ,buses ,rails ,air and sea has stopped. There was no live TV no news paper were published. Prime minister silvio Berlusconi said after the strike that he is ready to start talks with union leaders but he insisted that reform of the labor laws was necessary.(www.bbc.co.uk)Example 14 Protest Against BridgestoneThe international campaign against the Japanese tyre Bridgestone which is subsidiary of firestone. The workers were replaces with their substitute workers.(www.laborrightsblog.typepad.com)4.2 TYPES OF STRIKESThere are several different types of strikes such as Sit down strike Slow down strike Economic strike Sympathy strike General strike Sick out(sick in) strike Wildcat strike4.3 Sit down strikeIts a strike when workers do not absent from work place. They dont leave hold on production facilities but do not work. This strike is also known as pen drop strike or tool down strike.In this type of strike employees shown up to their jobs but they refuse to work a nd refuse to leave, in these circumstances they make it very difficult for their employers to resist against union and take control of area.Example 15 ACPA On Strike for Pay RiseIn Pakistan(Punjab) more than 2.2 million clerks went on a pen drop strike on call of APCA(all Pakistan clerk association).According to the press release more 2.2 million clerks protest against government and to support their demands regarding their pay rise. They demanded that government should increase the salaries of lower sub- ordinates to the inflation rate.(www.dailytimes.com.pk)4.4 Slow down strikeIn this type of strike employees do not stop the work they remain on their jobs but they control the rate of productivity in organized manner to pressure on employers. Example 16 heading Justice Of U.S Wants More SalaryChief justice of united states district court judge ( simple machinel B. Rubin) went on slow down strike when congress refused to increase his salary more than 51% to reply that only he only hear two cases usual ten cases a month.(www.washingtonpost.com)4.5 Sympathy strikeWhen employees of one unit , industry, factory go on strike to support employees of separate but related industry, profession, unit is called sympathetic strike.Example 17 Renault1997,French Motor manufacture company Renault announced the closure of its Belgium production plant at Vilboorde, company dismissed almost 3100 workers without consulting with workers representatives. The colure of the company leads another 1000 redundancies among supplies and subordinates.Unexpected colure of the company in Belgium generated very high level of sympathy action not only in Renault workers across the Europe but also car workers in Belgium were trepid of the same fate.Representatives of the unions of France, Belgium and Spain met and agreed to seek the reasons of the colure of the plant at Vilvoorde and find all possible legal avenues. They organized one hour strike and involves the union of Portugal and Sloveni a . Car workers in France, Spain and Belgium protest against Renault, Their plants in 3 different countries were hit by one hour work stoppages. workers of related motor manufactures industries like Polo ,Opel and Ford in Belgium staged sympathy actions.(www.eurofound.europa.eu)4.6 Sick out(sick in) strikeWhen all the members of union called in sick at the same day is called sick out strike. They dont break any rules but sickness of majority of the staff at the same day leaves very strong impact on employer, that if the staff really went on strike.Example 18 Air traffic Staff On Strike For WagesIn 1969 when united states air traffic controllers called in sick strike because of wages and condition.The traffic controllers walked out and stay out of job for three weeks and called in sick, attempting to avoid the legal penalties for striking.(www.libcom.org)4.7 Economic strikeIn this type of strike labor stop their work and put pressure on their employer to increase their economic need s like wages and bonus.Example 19Lublin StrikeIn 1980 the workers of eastern city of Lublin (Poland) went on strike for increase of their salaries and cheap prices of food products. July 1980 almost 50,000 local workers from more than 150 companies went on strike. Its also called Lublin strike.(www.tnn.pl) 4.8 General strikeIt means a strike by all members of union in the region or an industry. This strike can called in by all the members of the union in the region for their common interests. In these types of strikes workers intend to put pressure on the government. Example 20Union And Non Union Worker On StrikeIn the year of 1934 in san Francisco union and non union workers went on strike. They have protest against police and employers tactics that had killed two picketers. (www.newdeal.feri.org)Example 21 Trade Union divergence With Coal- OwnersA general strike had occurred in 1926, By the trade unions of great Britain. they were supporting miners federation in their dispute wi th coal-ownersGovernment had granted a year subsidy to the coal-owners because of the bad state of coal-mining industry and set up a commission of inquiry under sir Herbert Samuel. the commission suggested a scheme of reorganization the industry as soon as practicablewhen government subsidy was due to expire the coal-owners made up their mind that they are not going to employ the miners except lower rate and longer hours, but they did not give them any proposal until after expiry of the notices, and then did not include any plans for considerable reorganization to result of this trade union congress called a conference of its unions and fielded that there is no alternative to a general strikemajority of the organized workers stop their work, essential services partially carried on by volunteers acting upon plans outlined by government in the light of railway line strike 1919 and miners strike 1920 (www.historybookshop.com)4.9 Wild cat strikeThis strike takes place by employees with out the allowance and permission of union.Example 22 Prison Officers On Strike Hundred of prison officers went on strike to support their colleagues in HMP (Liverpool).The prison staff at Cardiff, Preston and wands worth are expected to stop work unless managers agree to talk with prison officers association Staff at Liverpool are on unauthorized strike.(www.news.sky.com)5) Collective BargainingThe process through which members of management and the union meet to negociate a labor agreements.According to Dessler(2005), the good faith refers to the conditions of both partiesto make every reasonable effort to arrive at agreement good faith bargaining may include the following Surface bargaining Inadequate concession Inadequate proposals and demands Dilatory tactics Imposing conditions fashioning unilateral changes in conditions By passing the representative Committing unfair labor practices during negotiations Withholding information Ignoring bargaining itemsExample 23 Northwest A irlines has refused to negotiate with chemical mechanism union representatives because of a reason that their representative have met with mechanics union representatives three times before but they did not respond on their proposal.(Dessler, 2005). Example 24Employer international union has said that baryant college representative are not fully responsive on the issues of wages, respects and benefits. 134, unfair labor claiming that baryant college negotiators are failed to negotiate with union.(Dessler, 2005). 6)Intervention of the third partyWhen the parties fail to handle the situation then they want to refer this matter to third party.6.1 Types of intervention1) MediationMediation is a third neutral party which only arrange a meeting with both parties ,listen both parties issues and try to bargaining common points. Mediation dont have any authority to come to decision .They just offer a settlement package.2) Fact finderFact finder is a neutral third party which deals only to s tudy the issue and make public recommendations for settlement.3) Arbitration Arbitration is the only powerful intervention because arbitration has a authority to give them decision for settlement.4) placation Conciliation has no power, their role is only to clarifying the issues and offers advice.7- RecommendationsThese are the following steps to helps company to come out from this situation.1) SalaryCompany have to make sure employees dont have any issue with their salaries. Their salaries should be on time. Every six months their contract should be renew and give them a pay rise. That should be good step to make them happy .They will be more productive.2) BonusCompany should give bonuses to their staff. like Christmas bonus. It would be a step to propel them.3) BenefitsIf employee are getting benefits like discount card, pensions, insurance and other benefits then employee cannot think for strike.4) Job guaranteeEmployees should have a job guarantee. IF they have a job guarantee they will be more loyal with company because they know their job is secure and employer fulfills all their demands.5) Paid holidaysEmployee should have a privilege of paid holidays. Its the extra benefit that employees are getting from company. This way employees have a relief from work and makes them more energetic to work after holidays.6) Dismissal of the wrong staffCompany must have rules and regulations for their staff. Do not dismiss any member of staff. who does not deserve to be dismissed. If there is a situation then try to observe then make a decision because wrong decision effects on company s image.7) RedundanciesIf company is running with any financial crises and want to redundant staff , then company should give them one month notice , give them redundant pay according to law.8) Dissatisfaction with company policiesEmployees must be satisfy with company policies. They should not have any problem. If there is any thing which they think is not on the right place they sho uld complaint and give suggestions to the management.9) Hours of workEmployees working hour should be accurate. If they are working more than normal hours then they should get their time back or pay them as overtime.10)APPRAISALEmployee should get promotion at work. If they have skills employers should promote them with a good salary package.8- ConclusionThe conclusion of this report is that strike, lockout and boycott are not healthy for company, Organization must have proper strategies to run a business . If there is good relationship between employee and employer then company will run fine. and organization will able to achieve its targets If company polices are not meeting staff requirements then they will disappointed and could take a step towards strike. Employer should always prepare to solve these kind of situations.IF strike occurred then it is a issue for employer, employee and organization. It effects. on everyone related to the company Its better to sit together and reso lve the issues.Overall in labor relations worker should be happy working with their employer and employer should keep an eye on workers needs and their work. IF any of them fail to fulfill their duty then it can become a huge problem and one day worker can go for strike , lockout and boycott. Arbitration can try to solve the situation. Collective bargaining is step where they can control the problem.. They fix a meeting between employee and management and open channel for communication for each other.If collective bargaining fails then management need to prepare to deal with one of the anti impasse weapon strike. The best way is to resolve it with intervention.The main causes for strikes are wages, pay cuts, job cuts and wrong policies. If human resource management team properly control these factors then there is no cause for strike.

What Is The Cost Of Capital Structure Finance Essay

What Is The approach Of big(p) bodily structure Finance EssayThe toll of working capital is the equal of a partnerships gold (both debt and fair-mindedness), or, from an investors point of view the rakepileed harvesting on a portfolio of either the comp eithers existing securities. It is utilisationd to evaluate new jut to its of a company as it is the stripped cave in that investors expect for providing capital to the company, thus setting a benchmark that a new project has to meet.In order to be a worthwhile investment funds, the expected recidivate on rectitude is greater than the constitute of capital. The capital apostrophize of the return to capital is expected to earn in an alternative investment with similar happen. If a project similar to the average risk to the companys business, it is reasonable to engross the companys average cost of capital underlying the ratings. The companys securities argon typic wholey in the debt and equity, the expected, bo th because of the cost of debt and equity costs of determining the companys capital.The cost of debt is relatively simple to calculate, since the pertain place is paid. In practice, the interest regulates paid by the company modeled as a unhazardous rate plus a risk comp iodinent (risk grant), which as well includes the expected probability (and the amount of recovery given default). For companies with similar credit risk or the interest rate is largely exogenous (to be explained by the use of immaterial in this context).The cost of equity is much(prenominal) challenging to calculate as capital is non a fixed return to investors. Than the cost of the loan, the cost of equity, broadly defined as the estimated risk-adjusted returns that investors require, which submits a barely known. The cost of equity, therefore, conclude by comparing the investment and causation(a) investment (like) with similar risk profiles to determine the market cost of equity.If the cost of debt a nd equity costs bedevil been established, a combination of the burden average cost of capital (WACC), calculated. The WACC is then used to estimate the discount rate for project cash flows.In this paper I get out explain, first, 1 chapter, the capital as well. From the second chapter, Sources of Capital, and finally, 3 chapter, capital will be explained.CAPITALCapital, the virtually basic conditions for the money. All companies need capital to purchase additions and maintain operations. Corporate capital is available in two main forms debt and equity. Debt refers to loans and otherwise loans to be repaid in the future, usually with interest. The capital, however, generally do non impose a direct obligation to re accept the amount. Instead, investors attain a rule in the form of self-will partings in the company.The capital, wage describes the various essence by which the capital of the people who save money for businesses that need money. Such transfers can be direct, whic h means that a company sells voices or bonds directly to investors, who own a business in return. Transfer of capital can also be made indirectly by investment bank or a financial intermediary much(prenominal) as a bank, agentive role or an insurance company. The indirect transfer through with(predicate) an investment bank, is selling the business assets of the bank, which in turn sells them to investors. In other words, the easy flow of capital investment bank. The indirect through a financial intermediary, however, a new form of capital, which is actually created. The intermediary bank or fund reproof capital to invest and issue its own securities exchange. Then the broker uses the funds to buy gunstocks and bonds of companies.1.1 Capital StructureBecause of the tiny business capital is expensive, it is particularly important for small business owners to define the structure of the target companys capital. The share capital structure of debt and equity is hitd. Trade-offs are involved increases the risk of liability to the companys revenue, which tends to reduce the companys stock. However, the debt lead to a higher expected return, which tends to increase a companys share price. As Brigham nominated, The optimal capital structure is the one that strikes a balance in the midst of risk and return and thereby maximizes the price of shares and simultaneously reduce the cost of capital.Capital structure decision depends on several factors. One of the companys business risks and risks connect to operations, which the company figures. Companies in the hazardous industries, such as high technology, dismantle than the optimal level of debt than other firms. Another factor in the companys capital structure involves tax situation. Since interest on debt is tax deductible, debt is usually unwrap to use the company tax rate is high, and not many are able to protect income from taxation.The third important factor is the companys financial flexibility, or a bility to raise capital in less than ideal conditions. The companies that are able to maintain a strong balance sheet resources generally can be more reasonable terms as other companies in the economical downturn. Brigham suggested that each company has a power reserve borrowing to defend themselves in the future. In general, tends to a stable level of sales, assets, collateral for loans to be good, and the high growth rate using a higher debt than other firms. On the other hand, the companies that have conservative management, high profitability, or poor credit ratings that they want to rely on equity instead.1.2 The Modigliani and Miller Theorem1.2.1 DefinitionThe Modigliani-Miller theorem states that if there are no taxes, failure costs and asymmetric information, the efficient market, the companys place affects how it is payd with the equity shares or bonds, or a combination thereof, or what is the dividend policy. The kit is also known as capital structure is essentially irr elevant.A number of principles underlying rate, which agrees with the adoption of the tax and no taxation. The two main principle is that, firstly, if there is no tax, thus change magnitude the benefits of power does not create value, and second, that if there are taxes, the benefits in the form of interest tax shield occurs when you leverage and / or elevated.The price compares to the two companies one unlevered (ie, funded entirely of their own capital) and the second levered (ie, partially financed by equity and partly debt) and says that if the same value in all other ways the two companies are identical.For example, why it essential be true, it is assumed that an investor buys a company or a levered or unlevered company. The investor buys shares in the companys levered or unlevered firm buys shares in a loan of an equivalent amount of money borrowed from the levered company. In both good examples, the return on investment should be the same. Thus, the cost of the levered f irm is the same as the unlevered firm subtraction the price of borrowed money, with the value of the levered companys debt. There is an implicit assumption that the investors cost of borrowing money is the same as the levered company, which is not necessarily true in the strawman of asymmetric information, or in the absence of efficient markets. A company that is risky debt, as debt-equity ratio increases, the weighted average cost of capital is constant, alone there is a higher return on equity, due to a higher risk for shareholders in the companys debt.1.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Modigliani and Millers TheoremAdvantages In practice, this can be said that no(prenominal) of the assumptions are met in the real world, unless we teach the lot, that capital structure is important because one or more assumptions will be violated. Using mail- equalitys, economists fetch the determinant of an optimal capital structure and see how these factors affect the optimal capital str ucture.Disadvantages Modigliani-Miller theorem, which justifies virtually unlimited economic power has been used to increase the economic and financial activities. However, its use also led to increased complexity, lack of transparency and greater risk and uncertainty in these activities. The global financial crisis of 2008, which saw a number of highly leveraged investment banks, has been partly attri plainlyed to the excessive leverage concepts.SOURCES OF CAPITAL2.1 Debt CapitalSmall businesses can retain debt capital from various sources. These sources can be divided into two broad categories, public and hugger-mugger sources. Private sources of debt financing gibe to W. Keith Schilit in The Entrepreneurs Guide for Preparing a winning business plan and fortuity capital, such as friends and relatives, banks, credit unions, consumer finance, commercial finance companies, trade financing, insurance, factor companies and leasing companies. Public sources of debt financing from a number of loans granted by the state and national governments to buy at small businesses.Many types of debt financing to small businesses, including a private placement of bonds, convertible debentures, industrial development bonds and leveraged buyouts, but by far the intimately common type of debt financing in the conventional loan. Credits include the long-term (longer than a year) and short-term (maturity of less than two years), or the loan (for more immediate borrowing needs). These may be approved by the signatory, as the government, or secured to the property, debts, stocks, savings, life insurance, stocks and bonds, and purchased the product on the loan.In the evaluation of a small company, a loan, Jennifer Lindsey said in his book Guide to the contractor in the capital, the lenders prefer to have a two-year operating history, stable management team, a desirable niche in the industry, market share growth, strong cash flow and the ability to get short-term loan to supplem ent the livelihood from other sources. Most lenders require a small business owner to prepare a full proposal for a loan or credit application. The lender will then determine the application taking into account several factors. For example, the lender will consider the small business credit card, and look for express of their ability to repay the loan in the form of previous earnings or revenue forecasts. The lender will also consider how much equity in the business, and that management has sufficient experience and skills to function effectively. Finally, the lender seeks to determine whether the small firms in a reasonable amount of guarantee for the loan.2.1.1 Cost of DebtThe cost of debt is estimated by the risk-free interest rate bonds, whose length is equal to the confess curve for corporate debt and then add a default premium. This is the standard premium will increase in debt increases (since all else being equal, all other factors, increased the risk of increasing debt) . Since in most cases, the debt burden of the deductible cost is the cost of after-tax cost of debt is expected to be comparable to the cost of equity (after tax). Thus, profitable companies, is debt at a discount. The formula can be written as(Rf + credit risk rate)(1-T)where T is the corporate tax rate and Rf is the risk free rate.2.2 Equity CapitalEquity capital for small businesses is also available from many sources. Some possible sources of equity include the Farmer family and friends, private investors (the general practitioner, to groups of local business owners to wealthy entrepreneurs known as angels), employees, customers and suppliers, former employers, venture capital companies , to investment banking firms, insurance companies, corporations, and government-backed Small blood line Investment Corporation (SBIC).There are two main methods that small businesses use to obtain equity finance the private equity investors or venture capital firms, public stock issues. The pr ivate placement is easier and more common for young companies or start-ups. Even if the stock still closed with a number of federal and state securities laws, does not require formal readjustment with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The main requirements for private equity that the company did not advertise the offer, and you have to do the transaction directly to the customer.However, the public stock offering includes a lengthy and costly registration process. Indeed, it charges, the public stock offering in more than 20 percent of the capital. As a result, public stock offerings are generally a better choice for mature companies, as a starter. Bids may benefit from intervention maintaining control of a small company, but also expand the participation of incompatible groups of investors, but by concentrating it in the hands of a venture capital company.2.2.1 Cost of EquityCost of equity = Risk free rate of return + Premium expected for riskExpected ReturnThe expected retu rn (or required rate of return for investors) can be calculated with the dividend capitalization model, which isThat equation is also seen as Expected Return = dividend yield + growth rate of dividends.THE COST OF CAPITALThe capital required for a productive, as with any other factor is that there is a cost by Eugene F. Brighams book Fundamentals of Financial Management. In this case, the cost of debt capital the interest which the company must pay to borrow. In the capital cost shall be repaid to investors in dividends and capital gains. Since the amount of available capital is often limited, it is distributed in various companies on the root of price. Business is the most profitable investment opportunities are willing and able to pay most of the capital and thus attract out inefficient firms, or those for which such goods are not in demand, Brigham explained. The good thing is that in most industrialized countries (eg USA, Germany, Japan, Britain, etc.), there are agencies that help individuals or groups of loans on favorable terms. Among those bailable for such assistance to small businesses, certain minorities, and the company is willing to build plants in areas with high unemployment.As usual, the cost of capital for small businesses tend to be higher than the big, established companies. Because of the higher risk for both service providers and charge a higher price for equity funds. Several researchers put together that small stock portfolios have consistently achieved the higher average returns than large company stocks, it is called the small business impact. In fact, its bad news for small firms, where small companies effect means that the market requires a higher return on capital stocks of small companies than otherwise similar stocks of large companies. Therefore, the cost of equity is higher for small businesses. The weighted average cost of capital of the companys return that investors expect the various debt and equity issued by the company, according to Richard A. Brealey and Stewart C. Myers, in his book, Principles of Corporate Finance.Table 1 Cost of Capital3.1 Capital Asset Pricing ModelCapital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is used to determine the economics of the theoretically appropriate price of the asset as security.3.1.1 The Expected Return on Equity According to the Capital Asset Pricing Model foodstuff risk is generally characterized by -parameter. Thus, investors would expect (or demand) thatWhereEs The expected return of securityRF The expected risk-free rate in this market (bonds)s Sensitivity to market risk to the sanctuaryRM The historical performance of the stock market / stock market(Rm-rf) The risk premium in the market risk-free assets in the assets.WritingThe expected yield (%) = risk-free interest rate (%) * + sensitivity to market risk (the historical performance (%) risk-free interest rate (%))Other expected yield (%) = yield of the bonds closest to the concept of the project or the projects s afety + beta * (market risk premium)historically the market risk premium of 3-5%CommentsThe models show that investors expect a return on risk-free rate plus a market risk sensitivity of the security times the market risk premium.A truly risk-free rate is the lowest offer price for the bonds market, such as government bonds.The risk premium varies over time and space, but some developed countries in the twentieth century, an average of around 5%. The real stock market returns are roughly the same as the annual real GDP growth. The gains in the Dow Jones Industrial Average is 1.6% per year over the period 1910-2005. The dividend increased by all the real return on average equity in the double, close to 3.2%.Sensitivity to market risk () is unique to each company and depends on the management to every business and capital structure. This value is not known ex ante (beforehand), but may not be retrospective (past) experience with similar guarantees and undertakings.3.2 Cost of Retaine d Earnings/Cost of Internal EquityWe must remember that the profits from the component of equity, and thus the cost of retained earnings ( familiar equity) equal to the cost of equity capital as described above. The dividends (income paid to investors, and should not be) part of the return on capital to shareholders, and to influence the capital cost of the mechanism.3.3 Weighted Average Cost of CapitalWhat makes the weighted average cost of capital WACC does this mean? This estimate is the companys cost of capital, which is weighted in proportion to their capital. individually source of capital ordinary shares, preference shares, debentures and other long-term debt include the WACC calculation. Each equal to the WACC of a company increases the return on equity beta and the woman, and notes a reduction in the WACC increases and a higher level of risk.The total value of equity (for a company that no outstanding warrants and is the same as the companys market capitalization) plus the cost of debt (the cost of debt should be continually updated as a result of changes in the cost of debt interest rate changes). It should also be noted that justice in the debt-equity ratio of the total market value of equity, no equity on the balance sheet. To calculate the weighted cost of capital, we must first calculate the cost of some funding sources, namelycost of debtCost of Preference Capitalcost of capital.WACC is calculated by an iterative procedure that requires an estimate of market value of equity.WACC formula isRd x D / V x (1-5) Re x E / VRd = Bond yield to maturity (Y / Y Calculator)D = Market value (NPV) of debt(1 T) = 1 tax shield on interest bank discount for interest expense =Re = shareholder return requirementsV = value of total capital (debt equity)Generally, a company or assets financed by debt or equity securities. WACC is the average cost of financing sources, each weighted by its use in a given situation. By taking a weighted average, we see that mu ch interest the company must pay for every dollar it finances.Since a companys WACC is the overall expected return on the company as a whole, and as such are often used internally by company directors to determine the economic feasibility of expansionary opportunities and mergers. This is the appropriate discount rate to use the cash flow risk similar to the entire company.3.3.1 Example of Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)A Corporation issued 10,000 units of the bonds, which currently sells for 98.5. The coupon rate of 6% this year bonds, the interest semi-annually. The remaining period of these bonds is 3 years.The companys current share price of two million common shares for $ 10 a share. The stock beta 1.5, a 4.5% risk-free rate on government bonds and the expected return on equity of 14.5%.The tax rate is 30%Table 2 Bond and Stock CalculationsBond CalculationsStock CalculationsN = 3 x 2 = 6I/Y = ? (Rd)PV = 0.985 x 10,000 x $1000 = $9,850,000 (D)PMT = (-10,000,000 x 0.06) / 2 = $-300,000FV = $-10,000,000P/Y = 2C/Y = 2Solution I/Y = 6.56%Re = Rf + BRm RfRe = 0.045 + 1.5 0.145 0.045Re = 0.045 + 0.15 = 0.195 (19.5%)Market Value of Equity = EStock price x common shares O/S$10 x 2,000,000 = $20,000,000V = Total Capital StructureV = 9,850,000 (bonds debt) + 20,000,000 (equity of common shares)V = 29,850,0003.4 Cost of Capital in Islamic BankingProper use of investment criteria is important for industry and agriculture as well. Although the sagacity can be used for both public and private sectors of the economy, should the public sector in its own special problems considered complementary, because the social costs and benefits. Therefore, we will participate in the private sector and the problems of evaluating investments in various industrial projects.Contradictions abound in the relative merits of variant methods of investment valuation. But the most important points with different match.It is worth noting that almost every economist in the treatment discounting as a method of evaluation, as the only possible way to choose between different investments. Essentially two methods frequently used economists, namely the net present value (NPV) and the enlarged internal rate of return (IRR). The concept of internal rate of return (IRR) was JM Keynes (perhaps better known as the marginal efficiency of capital MEC) schedule, called the marginal efficiency of investment (MEI). It is defined as the rate at which the present value of future income exactly equal to the market price for the project. In other words, this is Return on capital employed. It is, committed while the return of the project. NPV of the project is formally defined as the value today of the surplus that the company can do in addition to the investors own marginal.IRR on the basis of the extended to the negative cash flows are discounted back to the companys cost of capital as long as it does not outweigh the positive cash flow. twain methods (the extended NVP and IRR) on its own common deficiencies, such as non-IRR NVP can be used either in the usual way that the correct be of projects in situations where the entrance is a rationing system. But there are ways to eliminate gaps and allow them to appropriate methods of investment evaluation.We will have a higher degree of internal rate of return, which is simply called the internal rate of return. A simple rule of decision in cases where the decision is all or nothing about which projects should be chosen from the various investment options, to implement all the projects whose IRR exceeds the cost of capital.Cost of capital, the capitalist system, the rate that a loan company and the investment is likely to be, which is simply the interest. In other words, that cut off rate, in relation to the internal rate of return regulation, which are also found in the literature as a barrier percentage. Note that the NPV approach to investment decisions, it is essential that decision-making, that there is no explicit prior discount rate, which, as already mentioned, is nothing more than to get money market rates. But they did not have a pre-determined percentage of the IRR method, except when its time, where debt capital is rationed in the various projects. This makes it completely independent of the IRR method is very appropriate rate and can be used for investments in the Islamic interest-free option and follow the debate.In the case of capitalism, is the internal greater than or equal to the market, the project will be implemented. The project also encourages companies to maximize profits, which last carried out the projects internal rate of return equal to interest. Apparently, the internal time of a declining function of investment, more projects, which would reduce the internal rate of return (in the same trade, of course).Already adopted (the horse opera economists) that the interest rate plays a decisive role in determining which projects will be implemented and also how muc h capital to be invested in various projects. Roll the relationship between these two terms seem to be exaggerated. Since only one project, the established criteria are quite valid and relevant as the optimal size of equity should be considered. As the number of projects increases, the IRR should be calculated for each project will increase so much. Moreover, it happens to all nodes in the two IRRs. This complicates the problem, and this will reduce the importance of interest, especially if interest rates happen to be far from the IRR to the last possible projects.Given that an investors risk-taking entrepreneurs, he is usually in front of the chains of investment options from which to choose allegedly, the first of the highest IRR. Assuming that you know, a lot of project finance, there may be slews of projects whose IRR is higher than the going rate. There is no doubt that these projects are attractive, but to varying degrees, the contractor and will be selected in descending or der rate. This is the case in the real economy, the role of interest rates is rather passive, even useless. This is because in such circumstances, the project IRR rate range. This is beyond that point to the role that a reasonable interest rate, and the role of the cut-off ratio. In other words, it is a long process before the existence of the interest rate becomes irrelevant, because the IRR for a couple of projects related to each other because of the interdependence refers to the ratio of investment is not at all.Exogenous real interest rate in the sector (especially investment), it is ironically suggested the capitalist system and then used to determine the optimal level of investment. In addition, the speculators, who needs money market interest in the products, allowing decisions to lead the business, whose activities are so important to the economy. It seems reasonable to link the contrary, ie, because of the interest, but we assume it to be the real sector, led by the moneta ry sector, if any.The abolition of an Islamic state, it would not be an external variable such as interest, what type and level of investment. Investment projects, in this framework are competing with each other, and the investment will be needed to achieve full employment, that is, until there are idle production factors in the economy.This is particularly true of human resources make it necessary and inherent meaning, as we see in Islam, the authorities should not keep the unemployed, for the sake of the interests of capitalists.Can easily be shown that in an Islamic context, for each part of the money (ie, the potential capital) that comes out of the interest-free banks to finance various projects under various types of contracts, it becomes possible to go directly to the products and / or services.Is a term, and it is a prerequisite for an Islamic state is strictly prohibited, and appear to foreclose speculation in any market (be it either money or goods). It has long been a mi sunderstanding among some Islamic scholars in the financial support that speculation can take place, and the abolition of interest is permitted. Easy to show that one-to-one correspondence between the interest (rate), and speculation. Interest rate (rate) is necessary and sufficient condition for the speculation that takes place. Although the lack of clearly illegal-frame-rate, if speculation is allowed in any market, you will definitely be of interest in its own nature. Therefore, the prohibition of interest leads logically to a ban on speculation. This interdependence between interest and speculation is not only very rarely in the economic literature, but also its negligence was the source of serious misunderstandings. Economic relations are rarely a single direction.A collection of the IRR can be measured both by an Islamic bank, Islamic banking sector, an independent agency authorized to appropriate guidance on the nature and viability of the project. This measure is to be used so that the expected profits can be divided into an Islamic bank and finance company demanding. The matrix is very useful for determining how much funding should be allocated to projects that are in the priority list for economic development. To determine the companys share of the profits, various factors, such as the following may be considered the risk premium, the rate of poverty in different parts of the countrys priorities for economic development plans, the degree of capital intensity, taxes, employment considerations of the burden of rates and the like. All of these factors, or a combination thereof may affect the companys demanding (my fiancee) share of the profits that can be safely manipulated without interfering with the market mechanism. It gives interest-free banking system, the IRR method, the absolute advantage of the artificial use of interest rates, which is quite often the case in capitalist countries, and an obvious interference with market mechanisms. This cont rasts with the situation are often held in the Western economists who contend that market mechanisms should be avoided. Add to this the expected negative correlation between interest and investment as both a classical and Keynesian economists have empirically demonstrated that infertile. This is so, while the bill may be taken into account the positive correlation between the rate of profit and investment. This bill provides not only the interest cost of the capitalist system, but also that profit maximization is consistent with the aims of each company. Surprisingly, however, this goal is at the micro level, the capitalist will change textbooks without a logical explanation for the negative correlation between interest investment at the macro level.Using the IRR method of an Islamic state is not only compatible with the goal of maximizing profits (if proof was not suitable for such a system) and to avoid interfering with market mechanisms but it is an absolute advantage in some other, so the opportunity cost of capital to zero. The logic is simple. This lack of interest, all projects compete with each other (with due heed to their own priorities), internal rate of return. Also, the fact that the investment projects against each other at each other and there is no reason to ensure that any external factors to determine the same extent as the cost of capital for each project. The capitalist system, the current interest rate to be logically the attached best alternative, or the cost of capital for each project. The logic of the independence of the IRR for the project.The second best option not to report to the IRR for a project according to an account must be seen as the opportunity cost of capital. This is because of the interdependence of all projects do not meet any of the BMR in another appropriate opportunity cost of the project, otherwise it would cost hundreds of alternatives to the capitalist framework, while the interest rate will be to measure th e opportunity cost of all capital investment. In other words, to allow costs to be met independent state. Failure to consider the interdependencies between projects and independent degree of internal rate of investment has led to that many writers to form the misconception about the opportunity cost of capital.This lack of interest, there is nothing to compare the IRR of the various projects (with the exception of the IRR of the project by themselves). mutually beneficial and common to the Islamic banks, these proje

Emily Dickinsons Works Essay -- Emily Dickinson Poet Essays

Emily Dickinsons WorksThere is a life in Emily Dickinsons poems, readers take hold found. Although one may not completely understand her as a legend, a writer, or as a part of literature books, she is considered one of the Statess greatest poets. While unknown answers may not be revealed about her, secrets may not be told, nor any new discoveries made, evidence from books and articles viewing Emily Dickinsons experiences and hardships exists. Critic Paul J. Ferlazzo describes her writings Many students and casual readers of her poetry have enjoyed hearing tales about her which remind them of storybook heroines locked in castles, of beautiful maidens cruelty relegated to a life of drudgery and obscurity, of genius so great that all the worlds suppression cannot deny its flowering. 1 Many researchers ignore the bases of her writings, her life, and her dreams.Fascinated by umpteen works examining the life and writings of Emily Dickinson, some may find that Dickinsons trials at a junior age are the basis of many assumptions today. The facts of her childhood and young adult life are few and simple,but the interpretations are many and complex. She was born in Amherst Massachusetts, a small farming town which had a college and a hat factory she seldom left her home town. Even though she was claimed to be a high-spirited and active young woman, Dickinson began to withdraw from conjunction in the 1850s virtually her only contact with her friends came to be made through letters.Wendy Martin, a critic of Emily Dickinson, discusses Dickinsons choice of seclusion ...as a young woman, Dickinson rejected these comforting traditions, anxiety, helplessness, anger, confusion, desperation, fears, and frustrations resisted ma... ...Endnotes1) Ferlazzo, Paul J. Pg. 132) Martin, Wendy Pg. 793) Ferlazzo, Paul J. Pg. 194) Martin, Wendy Pg. 845) Keller, Karl Pg. 2056) Martin, Wendy Pg. 867) F erlazzo, Paul J. Pg. 328) Wells, Henry W. Pg. 257-2589) Pollitt, Josephine E. Pg. 72 10) Ferlazzo, Paul J. Pg. 3511) Faust, Langdon Lynne Pg. 16412) Griffith, Clark Pg. 14013) Cody, John Pg. 21214) Ferlazzo, Paul J. Pg. 4115) Higginson, Thomas Wentworth Pg. 44416) The Readers Companion to American History Pg. 117) Cody, John Pg. 16018) Lindburg- Seyersted, Brita Pg. 5711) Faust, Langdon Lynne Pg. 164

The Development of Benedicks Character in Shakespeares Much Ado About

The Development of Benedicks Character in Shakespeares Much Ado About NothingAt the beginning of the childs play, Benedick appears as almost a comic source, acting as if the most important part of his character is his wit. However, by the end of the play it becomes obvious that he is a clear-thinking character who is able to take action and keep his head in a crisis. The change in Benedicks character is accompanied by the change in his family relationship with Beatrice, as they move from merry war and skirmish of wit to become lovers, though Benedick does still protest that he love thee (Beatrice) against my will. Throughout the play, Benedicks relationship with Beatrice is an important mark of his character. In the first scene they are unable to converse without entering into one of the skirmishes of wit for which Leonato has said they are known. There is a suggestion from Beatrice that the two have been in a relationship before You al styles end with a jades trick, I know you of old Evidence of this foregone relationship provides both a reason for the merry war and a suggestion that there may still be some romantic feelings between the two. However, Benedicks jocular perspective towards women does not stop at Beatrice, even when Claudio asks Benedick, as a friend, for serious advice about Hero, he is unable to take the situation seriously or choke a serious answer Shes too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise This shows quite clearly that Benedicks character in the early stages of the play is firmly rooted in his wit. Of course, Benedicks failure to notice Hero at all is a further suggestion that he has feelings for Beatrice, which is supported by his ... ...e, due to the gradual change and development of his character. The extent to which Benedick is changed is shown by the way his attitudes appear completely changed by the conclusion of the play, as he appears no longer to be a tyrant towards women, and he is no longer reliant on his wit as the main feature of his personality.Works Cited and ConsultedBarton, Anne. Introduction. Much Ado About Nothing. The Riverside Shakespeare, 2nd ed. Boston Houghton Mifflin Co., 1997. 361-365.Lewalski, B. K. Much Ado About Something Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 8 (1968) 235-251.Prouty, Charles A. Conformity in Much Ado About Nothing. New York Books for Libraries Press/Yale University Press, 1980.Rossiter, A.P. Much Ado About Nothing. William Shakespeare Comedies & Romances. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.