Normative Ethics And Ethical Ethics Essay - 1434 Words

Normative ethics is defined as the study of ethical action, or in other words, the analysis of how one should act when faced with a dilemma, morally speaking. It evaluates the standards with regard the rightness and wrongness of an act. Descriptive ethics investigates moral beliefs while normative ethics evaluates actions. While descriptive ethics how many people believe that act is ethical, normative ethics investigate whether it is correct to have these beliefs. normative ethics therefore can aid in applied ethics, which is a philosophical examination of what will be the morally correct course to take in different areas of one s life. This makes normative ethics crucial in understanding whether Frankie did the moral thing in the movie Million Dollar Baby. The movie Million Dollar Baby revolves around the painful questions, and perennially ethical dilemma associated with euthanasia -- whether it is correct or wrong, whether the wishes to die of a dying person should be entertained and respected, and whether taking a life can be ever considered, regardless of the circumstances surrounding the decision. No standard answers can be given to these questions; it ultimately depends on the person’s moral compass and the ethical theory he or she adheres to. The paper will analyze Frankie’s actions using two major normative ethical theories of utilitarianism and deontology. Frankie is the old, Catholic trainer of the female boxer protagonist, Maggie. When Maggie sustained seriousShow MoreRelatedEthical Ethics And Normative Ethics1078 Words   |  5 Pagestwo questions are examples of why mete-ethics and normative ethics exist. To be able to create an environmental ethic, one must have a sense of moral conclusion. Whether these mor als are categorized through self-interest or obligation, meta ethics and normative ethics try to decipher these notions. To derive a normative ethic, meta-ethics needs to explain the language of morality, and how do humans come to a consensus of specific actions and thoughts. Ethics, by short definition, is how we (humans)Read MoreNormative Ethics And Ethical Ethics1586 Words   |  7 PagesNormative ethics is a study that tries to determine which things are good, which actions are right, which motives are worthy and which character traits are virtues. In other words, normative ethics is a philosophy about what we should morally do. Metaethics is a theory about normative ethics which is concerned about what exactly do normative ethics are claiming. This is a philosophy about the nature of moral claims, moral judgements and moral disagreements made by the normative ethics. Many theologiansRead MoreEthical Theories Of Normative Ethics1259 Words   |  6 PagesOver the last couple o f weeks in Philosophy 103, we learned five theories concerning normative ethics: utilitarianism, duty ethics, virtue ethics, care ethics, and natural law ethics. While learning about those theories, I often thought about how the arguments for some theories included interesting ideas that I personally agreed with, but the methods of reasoning were somewhat lacking. Contrastingly, I encountered theories with arguments that were not thought-provoking ideas at first, but I becameRead MoreFeminist Ethics : A Better Alternative Than Traditional Normative Ethical Theories Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pagesthe question: Could feminist ethics provide a â€Å"better† alternative than traditional normative ethical theories? In order to answer this question, one must have an understanding of what feminist ethics is and what it aims to accomplish. According to Rosemarie Tong and Nancy Williams, feminist ethics is â€Å"an attempt to revise, reformulate, or rethink traditional ethics to the extent it depreciates or devalues women s moral experience.† An important point in feminist ethics is to understand how genderRead MoreNormative Ethics: Society Determines What Moral and Ethical Act or Action is Correct and Acceptable1446 Words   |  6 PagesNormative ethics are those ethical principles and values that are considered morally correct and express principles of good character, actions that are viewed as right rather than wrong and are commonly accepted and reasonable. The prompt in this assignment refers to the requirement of â€Å"the existence of normative† requiring the practice of normative ethics in how individuals and society determine what moral and ethical act or action is correct and acceptable. Normative ethics embraces the philosophicalRead MoreEthics Paper1177 Words   |  5 PagesEthics Paper Week 1 Assignment Rheana Willis 01/08/2012 Dilemma Choice 2: A married couple, both addicted to drugs, are unable to care for their infant daughter. She is taken from them by court order and placed in a foster home. The years pass. She comes to regard her foster parents as her real parents. They love her as they would their own daughter. When the child is 9 years old, the natural parents, rehabilitated from drugs, begin court action to regain custody. The case is decided in theirRead More Ethical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation977 Words   |  4 PagesEthical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation I Recall the distinction between metaethics and normative ethics. Normative ethics deals with substantial ethical issues, such as, What is intrinsically good? What are our moral obligations? Metaethics deals with philosophical issues about ethics: What is value or moral obligation? Are there ethical facts? What sort of objectivity is possible in ethics? How can we have ethical knowledge? Recall, also, the fundamentalRead MoreThe Normative Foundations Of Public Service Ethics832 Words   |  4 PagesThe Normative Foundations of Public Service Ethics Introduction Those thought to be ethical or moral are described in terms of their values in regards to honesty, integrity and good character. Our ethical conduct originates from our values which are greatly influenced by our morals; they provide guidance and are our standard for the ways in which we carry out and view right and wrong decisions. For these reasons, personal ethics are said to be our foundation and, as such, often influence how we administerRead MorePerformance Appraisal And Compensation Evaluation1018 Words   |  5 PagesBody At work ethics are a part of almost everything we do, this is especially true of performance evaluations. It is very important to approach performance evaluations in an ethical manner as to avoid letting personal or other irrelevant issues cloud the issues at hand. That being said there is more than one type of ethics that you can apply to performance evaluations. I will provide an overview of the types of ethics I will use and evaluate the ways in which the use of these ethics would be practicalRead MoreNormative ethical subjectivism and the four arguments aganist it with examples1418 Words   |  6 PagesNormative ethical subjectivism is an ethical stance that attempts to specify circumstances under which an action is morally right or wrong using four distinct arguments that try to prove this claim. Normative ethical subjectivism claims that an act is morally right if, and only if, the person judging the action approves of it. Stemming form this view on ethics a normative ethical theory has been made. An ethical theory is a theory of what is right and wrong. This stance on ethics is the opposite

Animal Testing Causes Millions Of Animal Deaths Each Year.

Animal testing causes millions of animal deaths each year. It has been used repeatedly in the laboratory and medical research. In many years, animal testing for medical research has come under several criticisms from the group of animal protection. Most animals being used in the research are mostly not protected by the Animal Welfare Act which includes rabbits, hamsters, cats, and mice. Some people indicate that since animals are different species from humans, animal testing results with uncertainty as to its validity. However, there are also some people who are in favor of animal testing. They make an argument that animal testing is necessary to give an advance medical knowledge. Nevertheless, animals go through needless suffering for our†¦show more content†¦Because of many cellular, metabolic, and anatomical are different between the two species, there will be the difficulties in the result of the drug test. People using animals to test for toxicity must not be accepted s ince humans are nowhere close to many kilograms of rats. Hence, the research data is unclear between humans and animals. Second, animal testing is not reliable to predict the results in humans. Many drug tests found safe in animals fail in humans by harming them or even lead to their death. Animal testing would possibly link to misleading research. Even though some may argue that animal subjects are the way to investigate diseases by providing a high chance of addressing health problems such as heart disease and stroke, it can mislead researchers to cause illness or death by failing to figure out the poisonous effects of medicines. Greek indicates that â€Å"more than half of the medications released between 1976 and 1985 were taken off the market or relabeled because dangerous side effects were discovered†. These risks can lead to hospitalization and death to human beings because researchers are not really noticing any side effect in humans, despite animal experiments. As a result, these drugs had to be labeled with a new warning from the market. Greeks continue to state that â€Å"animal experience does not continue because of the great medical strides that are falsely attributed to it†. It is impossible for us to estimate how many useful drugs may have beenShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing Is Wrong?1288 Words   |  6 Pages ANIMAL TESTING IS WRONG The words animal testing mean to perform procedures on living animals for the research of basic human biology and diseases, finding out the effectiveness of new medical products, and testing the human health and environmental safety of consumer and industry products like cosmetics, household cleaners, food additives, pharmaceuticals and industrial/agro-chemicals and means using other living organisms except humans for testing. All procedures, even those classifiedRead MoreAnimal Testing And Its Morality1283 Words   |  6 PagesARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY Every year in the United States of America more than 100 million helpless animals will suffer and die from malicious chemical, drug, food, and cosmetics tests. Rabbits, Cats, birds, reptiles and amphibians are not covered by the minimal protections of the Animal Welfare Act, so they go unnoticed towards the millions of sufferers. Millions of rodents, birds, rabbits, primates, felines, canines, and other types of animals are locked inside barren cages in laboratories acrossRead MoreIs Animal Testing Wrong or Right? Essay960 Words   |  4 Pagesall animal testing that is effective on animals are ineffective on humans (ASPCA). Despite this alarming statistic, scientists still use animals in these experiments. Scientist give the animals no choice in whether they or going to be used in an experiment. Animal testing is when scientist use products, vaccinations or other things they develop for humans and use on animals. Scientist use all types of animals, but the most common are rats, m ice, birds, reptiles and amphibians (ASPCA). Animal testingRead MoreAnimals Should Not Be Used For Biomedical Research1635 Words   |  7 PagesAnimals have been used from the beginning of time the ancient civilisations used animal testing to find answers to the unknown for example why do animals exist romans greeks simply dissected animals to have knowledge. Now days animals are used to understand basic human biology, so called â€Å"models† for studying human biology and disease. Improvements in human health, vaccines and medicines. Another type of animal use is for cosmetics. Even though people believe that biomedical research is a wayRead MoreThe Use Of Animals For Research Testing Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagesother. With hundreds of topics to solve, there was one that stood out, animal testing. The use of animals for research testing is an issue that has been debated whether or not it is acceptable or not. Within this questionable topic, our main focus is on the researchers, animals, users, and environment. Terms that you may associate with animal testing would vary greatly, but there are some that can be used as an example such as testing, experiment, abuse, negligence, and acceptable. Have you ever thoughtRead MoreAnimal Abuse Happens All Across The World. Not Many People1576 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal abuse happens all across the world. Not many people are thinking about the harm done to animals each and every day, others don’t even care. There are many ways animal abuse can occur that many are not aware of, and some may be doing them and not even know it is abuse. Clothes made out of fur, animals in the circus, dogfighting, dogs chained up or tied to a rope in the owner’s yard, product testing, and whaling, are all examples of abuse. Even animals in some zoos are getting abuse. AnimalRead MoreUsing Animals In Research And To Test Products Has Been1623 Words   |  7 PagesUsing animals in research and to test products h as been a topic of heated debate for many years. Animals have contributed to research and we have found many cures to diseases that would have otherwise killed us. Many individuals view animals as companions that exhibit emotion and have a personality, they’re not viewed as lab subjects. The fact remains that animals are utilized by research facilities and cosmetics companies, not just across the country but around the entire world. Although humansRead MoreAnimal Testing And Biological Experiments1308 Words   |  6 PagesAnimals, humans, alike are thinking breathing and emotional creatures that habit this beautiful Earth. Every year over 100 million animals die from animal testing and biological experiments (Peta.) Animals may not be able to reason or talk, but they can suffer. They feel pain and fear similarly to the way humans do, in fact their reactions to pain are almost identical. Therefore should not be taken advantage of or used as test dummies. The consequence of te sting on animals for the greater good doesRead MoreEssay on Results of Animal Testing783 Words   |  4 Pageshumanity, multitude amounts of animals are mistreated and eradicated during animal testing. Because testing on animals has become a law throughout the world, a lot of scientists have not realized the immortality that has been put upon the animals. Is it fair to test cosmetics and potential carcinogens on animals? During each year, millions of animals are tested on for biomedical research, chemical testing and training (Lee Bowman 2011). Testing cosmetics and chemicals on animals is catastrophic becauseRead MoreAnimal Testing Is A Global Concern894 Words   |  4 Pagestypes of animal species are subjects for many scientific and research based experiments. Figure 1, shows how much of each group of animals are used in the testing. Over 75% of the animals used in research are mice followed by fish, amphibians, birds and the reptiles and other rodents and rabbits are used the less. Animal testing is a global concern that is being faced all over the world. This practice involves the injection of drugs, chemicals and other substances into millions of animals on a daily

Management Accounting for Samsung Company Founded

Question: Describe about the Management Accounting for Samsung Company Founded. Answer: Introduction Management accounting is procedure that identifies, determines and analyzes the financial and business information in pursuance with the objectives of the organization. It is the process that is interpreted and communicated between the executives of the companies for the purpose of business decisions for expansion and better performance. Management accounting is generally practiced in three business areas known as performance management, strategic management and risk management. Over the years, management accounting has been critical element in the business entities and has seen many changes both within the existing industry as well as outside the established domains (Quattrone 2016). The following assignment highlights the current issues of management accounting of Samsung Company founded on 1st March 1938 by Lee Byung- chul in South Korea. Currently the companys revenue is US$ 305 billion while the net income is US$22.1 billion and the number of employees is around 489,000. The company deals in apparel products, electronic products, telecommunication products and similar other products along with the services in advertising, finance, medical and healthcare (samsunglife.com 2016). Discussion Management accounting is one of the critical measures of the business information as it helps in taking decisions and requires to use appropriate techniques and procedures. Over the past years, management accounting process is experiencing many changes that certain organizations are not able to implement accurately (Lay 2016). Samsung is one of the largest companies in recent times and one of the fastest growing organizations in the sale of electronic gadgets but the company is facing several management accounting issues. It is the first company from Korea that listed in Dow Jones with the three significant benchmark values i.e. strategy of green management, efficient and effective communication and competitiveness. However, in recent years the company faced issues on strategic management as well as performance management due to which the share price of the company dropped at a high percentage (Verbeeten and Spekl 2015). The group has researched, surveyed and selected the articles th at identify the management accounting issues of Samsung based on the recent articles dated after 1 December 2015. The group has researched many articles of newspapers, magazine and other sources including the library database from MyAthens. The assignment has been presented on the selected articles based on the issues of companys strategic, performance and risk management as well as issues on compliances with management accounting principles and regulations. Strategic and performance management According to the recent article, it has been noted that the company had stopped the sales of one of its electronic communication product in Australia because of the issues in production technique. It had been observed that the product had chances of catching fire due to fault in the battery of the product. Management of the company is responsible for such fault as it occurred in the production procedure of the products. Hence, one of the management accounting issue faced by Samsung was performance management (afr.com 2016). Further, the company also faced loss of revenue amounted to US$700 million in the span of two years from the mining production and services. The company faced this issue due to a contractor who delayed the project due to its insolvency. It can be said that the company experienced such loss due to lack of performance and strategic management (Theaustralian.com.au 2016). Risk management In order to maximize the business profitability and maintain the sustainability, it is important to strengthen the risk management that eventually protects the values of clients and organizations. The management of the company undertook the measures to manage the potential risks that may hamper the business values, standards and thereby its performance. It classified the probable risk into insurance, rate of interest for investment, rate of return for investors, liquidity and other elements of business (samsunglife.com 2016). However, it was noted that the company would incur loss because of the issues in management accounting resulting from managing the expected risk and actual risk that had occurred to the organization. The issues also revolved with respect to the amount of obligations actually paid by the company and expected to be paid. Samsung had to face the risk on interest rate due to the differences and inappropriate valuation of assets and liabilities. Other issues that Sam sung faced due to lack of proper management of business risk was market risk, credit risk as well as liquidity risk (Arnaboldi, Lapsley and Steccolini 2015). Due to unfortunate fluctuations in the exchange rates, interest rates the management failed to estimate the accurate value of liabilities and debts and other financial components. As a result, the company had incurred huge losses, fall in the market price of securities and consumers loyalty. Management accounting compliances Management accounting derives the expected or budgeted cost of production other than the functions of managing business. In order to take business decisions regarding investment, business expansion or product diversification it is important to analyze the cost and return from the potential business. To determine and evaluate the outcome of potential business plans several methods and applications of cost and income undertaken by the management. However, the significant issues in managing these accounts are compliance of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). It has been noted that Samsung failed to comply the requirements of GAAP in preparation and presentation of several management accounting for measuring the net present value of the proposed investment in a sector of electronic and communicating appliances (Bromiley et al. 2015). Another issue that Samsung Ltd experienced in the management accounting maintenance is the cost structure. Preparation of management accounting requires executives with specialized skill and knowledge along with the high cost of preparing, analyzing and designing the technical aspects of business (Eshwaish, Hussein and Abdullah 2016). For instance, if Samsung opts to present its cost accounting services based on the activity- based costing system the company would be able to analyze the expenses that may not be required by the company. SWOT Analysis Strength: Samsung is one of the strong companies for innovating the technology by investing in research and development. During the year 2015, it expended around US$14.1 billion in researching and developing the technologies Although the company experienced several issues on management accounting, loss in revenue yet Samsung is considered to be the fastest growing organization in the sector of telecommunication and electronic products. It can also be noted that the Samsung has strong marketing efficiency including the operating system of various electronic devices (Kothari, Mizik and Roychowdhury 2015). Weakness: In the sector of electronic products especially in case of Smartphone, the company is facing competitiveness with the telecommunication company of China. Samsung lacks in matching the marketing efficiency of Apple Inc for instance, the price of Apples share increased by 34.9% whereas the market of Samsung dropped by 2.3% during the year 2014- 2015. Opportunities: Considering the companys strength in technology innovation, opportunities for sales in mobile electronic devices are growing. Apart from that, demand for online marketing in electronic devices is also growing considering the reasonable price structure of the products. Threats: Since the primary production and marketing of the companys product is in electronic devices including mobile devices, its primary dominating entity is Apple Inc. Besides, the management issue for appropriate production process is also a matter of concern with respect to the companys reputation, product quality and reliability. Recommendation Organizations business decisions are critical and significant for its profitability and sustainability. Considering the recent articles on Samsung the issues on management accounting as well as the potential opportunities has been identified. Accordingly, the company is recommended to prepare a management policy that defines its business strategy to and appropriate product-manufacturing procedures. Since one of the electronic products faced the fault in battery operation therefore, the management is required to conduct verification in the operating system to detect the cause of failure. The policy of the management accounting should state the appropriate systems to prepare and present the cost statements and other required statements for the products and services. In order to manage the performance management, Samsung Ltd. is recommended to adopt the appropriate operating system that assists the company to manufacture the error free products. Further, the management of the company ma y take the steps to improve the communication process between the executive employees so that any sort of disputes can be sort. Considering the issues on risk management, the company is required to analyze the economic structure and current market scenario so that the rate of interest and return can be estimated with accuracy. As the market rates tend to fluctuate, the management is recommended to estimate the provisions for potential loss and expenses on investment. Additionally, the management of Samsung Ltd. is required to analyze, evaluate and determine the appropriate value of obligation that the company would need to pay off. Such evaluation and estimation would enable the company to estimate the related expense and determine the profitability. The management is recommended to ensure the compliance of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles while preparing the budget statement, cost analysis statement or any other management accounting statement. Conclusion It can be concluded that Samsung Limited is one of the fastest growing companies in the sector of electronic products but in recent years, the company is experiencing certain management accounting issues. Companys business decisions and performance depends on the accuracy and appropriate presentation of the management accounting. It helps in measuring the budgeted costs and sales, optimum production units, investment outcomes and expected risks, optimum process of production and several other business functions. Over the past years, Samsung is facing problems in strategic and performance management along with the risk management because of which it incurred huge loss in the revenue. Further, the company faced issues in maintaining the risk management for rate of interest and rate of return due to unfavorable market fluctuations. However, the company has been recommended to follow policies, better communication measures and compliance of principles in preparation and presentation of m anagement accounting. It can be said that despite of the management issues, Samsung is one of largest dealer of the electronic products and the company is taking measures on preparing accurate management accounting. Reference List afr.com, 2016. samsung halts sale of galaxy note7 over fire concerns. [online] https://www.afr.com. Available at: .https://www.afr.com/technology/samsung-halts-sale-of-galaxy-note7-over-fire-concerns-20160902-gr7uxf [Accessed 20 Sep. 2016]. Arnaboldi, M., Lapsley, I. and Steccolini, I., 2015. Performance management in the public sector: The ultimate challenge.Financial Accountability Management,31(1), pp.1-22. Bromiley, P., McShane, M., Nair, A. and Rustambekov, E., 2015. Enterprise risk management: Review, critique, and research directions.Long range planning,48(4), pp.265-276. Eshwaish, A., Hussein, W.N. and Abdullah, Z.M., 2016. ACCOUNTING RESPONSIBILITY-ENHANCING ITS ROLE IN RISK MANAGEMENT-AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF A TRADE BANK OF IRAQ.Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings, p.575. Kothari, S.P., Mizik, N. and Roychowdhury, S., 2015. Managing for the moment: The role of earnings management via real activities versus accruals in SEO valuation.The Accounting Review,91(2), pp.559-586. Lay, T.A., 2016. Business Strategy, Strategic Role of Accountant, Strategic Management Accounting and their Links to Firm Performance: An Exploratory Study of Manufacturing Companies in Malaysia.Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal,7(1). Quattrone, P., 2016. Management accounting goes digital: Will the move make it wiser?.Management Accounting Research,31, pp.118-122. samsunglife.com, 2016. companyeng/pdf/2010_SR_eng_1_Business_1_3. https://www.samsunglife.com. Available from: https://www.samsunglife.com/companyeng/pdf/2010_SR_eng_1_Business_1_3.pdf [Accessed on: 19 Sep. 2016]. Theaustralian.com.au. 2016. Samsungs mining foray backfires. Available from: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/mining-energy/samsung-mining-foray-with-gina-rineharts-roy-hill-mine-backfires/news-story/5a30a680de25e0cfd4ff28dd9b1bcd47 [Accessed on: 19 Sep. 2016]. Verbeeten, F.H. and Spekl, R.F., 2015. Management control, results-oriented culture and public sector performance: Empirical evidence on New Public management.Organization studies,36(7), pp.953-978.

Silent Essays - Angiology, Blood Pressure, Aorta, Artery, Blood

Silent Killer Uncontrolled high blood pressure, hypertension, is one of the leading causes of disability or death due to stroke, heart attack, heart failure and kidney failure. High blood pressure has been described as "the silent killer" because it often occurs without symptoms. Headaches, blurred vision, nosebleeds, or dizziness may occur, but these symptoms are not specific to high blood pressure. Everybody has, and needs blood pressure. Without it, blood cannot circulate through the body. And without circulating blood, vital organs cannot get the oxygen and food that they need to work. So it's important to know the role of blood pressure, and the organs and systems that help regulate it. The explanation of blood pressure begins with the cardiovascular system, the system responsible for circulating blood through the heart and blood vessels. When the heart beats, a surge of blood is released from the left ventricle, which is the heart's main pumping chamber, into an intricate web of blood vessels that spread throughout the body. The arteries are the blood vessels that carry nutrients and oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's tissues and organs. The largest artery, aorta, is connected to the left ventricle and serves as the main channel for blood leaving the heart. The aorta branches off into smaller arteries, which turn into even smaller arteries, called arterioles. (1) Within the body's tissues and organs are microscopic blood vessels called capillaries. The capillaries exchange nutrients and fresh oxygen from the arterioles for carbon dioxide and other waste products produced by our cells. This "used" blood is sent back to the heart through a system of blood vessels called veins. When it reaches the heart, blood from the veins is routed to the lungs, where it releases carbon dioxide and picks up a new supply of oxygen. This freshly oxygenated blood is sent back to the heart, ready to begin a new journey. Other waste products are removed as blood passes through the kidneys. (1) To keep this process working and all of the 11 pints of blood in our body moving, a certain amount of pressure is required. Blood pressure is the force that's exerted on the artery walls as blood passes through. This force helps keep blood in the arteries flowing smoothly. Several factors help control blood pressure and keep it from increasing too high or decreasing too low. They include three major organs; heart, arteries, and kidneys. When the heart releases blood into the aorta, a certain amount of force is created by the pumping action of the heart muscle. The harder the heart muscle has to work to release blood, the greater the force exerted on the arteries. To assist the surge of blood coming from the heart, the arteries are lined with smooth muscles that allow them to expand and contract as blood flows through. The more "elastic" the arteries are, the less resistant they are to the flow of blood and the less force exerted on their walls. When arteries lose their "elasticity" or become narrowed, resistance to blood flow increases and additional force is needed to push blood through the vessels. (1) The kidneys regulate the volume of water circulating in the body and the amount of sodium the body contains. More sodium in the body means that more water is retained in the circulation and may cause an increase in blood pressure. More sodium in the body also may increase the tendency for blood vessels to narrow. The central nervous system, hormones, and enzymes are other factors that also influence blood pressure. Within the walls of the heart and several blood vessels, are tiny structures called baroreceptors. The baroreceptors' job is to monitor the pressure of blood through the arteries and veins. If a change is noticed, the baroreceptors send signals to the brain; to slow down or speed up the heart rate, or to widen or narrow the arteries to keep the blood pressure within a normal range. (1) The brain reacts on the messages from the baroreceptors, by signaling the release of hormones and enzymes that affect the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys. Epinephrine, adrenaline, is one of the most significant hormones to affect blood pressure. Epinephrine is released during high periods of stress or tension. The release of Epinephrine, causes the arteries to narrow and heart contractions become stronger and rapid, increasing the pressure on the arteries. Blood pressure is the measure of the force generated by the heart against the artery walls. This force is expressed as two numbers, such as 110 over

Test Tube Thunderstorm Chemistry Demonstration

Test Tube Thunderstorm Chemistry Demonstration You can react chemicals to produce what looks like a thunderstorm in a test tube. This is a spectacular chemistry demonstration that is suitable for chemistry class or lab. Safety You must be careful with this demonstration and keep any students away from the setup. It involves corrosive acid, flammable alcohol or acetone, and a slight chance of glassware shattering as a result of the vigorous chemical reaction. The test tube thunderstorm demonstration should only be performed by qualified individuals, wearing full protective gear and using proper safety precautions. Materials 95% alcohol (any type) or acetonesulfuric acidpotassium permanganateglass pipettetest tube Perform the Demonstration Wear gloves, a face shield, and protective clothing. Pour some alcohol or acetone into a test tube.Use a glass pipette to introduce a layer of sulfuric acid below the alcohol or acetone. Avoid any mixing of the two liquids, since the demonstration wont work if too much mixing occurs. Do not handle the test tube beyond this point.Drop a few crystals of potassium permanganate into the test tube.Turn out the lights. The sulfuric acid and the permanganate react to form manganese heptoxide, which explodes when it comes into contact with the alcohol or acetone. The reaction looks a bit like a thunderstorm in a test tube.When the demonstration is concluded, inactivate the reaction by using metal tongs to place the test tube into a large container of water. Be very careful! There is a chance the test tube could shatter.

Free Essays on Dryer

II. Problem Statement We have been using a high cost desiccant in our facility to remove water from an air stream. Someone has suggested that we test â€Å"kitty litter† and a different desiccant as potential replacements. However, these materials, although cheaper than the current mole sieve material, are not so inexpensive that we can simply discard them when they become saturated. Your job is to: Determine the H2O uptake for each of the materials. Determine the optimum drying conditions for each material. Do not exceed 80 deg C in the batch dryer. Scale up the process to 12 T/day on a continuous belt dryer that is 4 ft wide and 50 ft. long for the best candidate. Report your findings to management with your recommendations. Temperature control should be included. Include PFD in both reports. III. Introduction A desiccant is a material that readily soaks up water vapor from surrounding air. The desiccant will continue to adsorb moisture until it becomes saturated. These desiccants or adsorbents are generally classified as amorphous or structured, and hydrophobic or hydrophilic. Many different substances exist which are capable of adsorbing, but few are of industrial significance. Commonly used industrial desiccants include silica gel, molecular sieves, activated carbon, and activated alumina. These desiccants are used to eliminate moisture or other impurities from gas streams. Once the desiccant is saturated with moisture, it can be recycled through a process of regeneration. The regeneration process is a form of drying, in which water or some other liquid is evaporated from a solid material to reduce the content of liquid to some acceptable value. During regeneration, hot air or inert gas is used to dry the adsorbent. This is a form of thermal vaporization which is a highly energy intensive process. Various different types of drying equipment are available depending on the ... Free Essays on Dryer Free Essays on Dryer II. Problem Statement We have been using a high cost desiccant in our facility to remove water from an air stream. Someone has suggested that we test â€Å"kitty litter† and a different desiccant as potential replacements. However, these materials, although cheaper than the current mole sieve material, are not so inexpensive that we can simply discard them when they become saturated. Your job is to: Determine the H2O uptake for each of the materials. Determine the optimum drying conditions for each material. Do not exceed 80 deg C in the batch dryer. Scale up the process to 12 T/day on a continuous belt dryer that is 4 ft wide and 50 ft. long for the best candidate. Report your findings to management with your recommendations. Temperature control should be included. Include PFD in both reports. III. Introduction A desiccant is a material that readily soaks up water vapor from surrounding air. The desiccant will continue to adsorb moisture until it becomes saturated. These desiccants or adsorbents are generally classified as amorphous or structured, and hydrophobic or hydrophilic. Many different substances exist which are capable of adsorbing, but few are of industrial significance. Commonly used industrial desiccants include silica gel, molecular sieves, activated carbon, and activated alumina. These desiccants are used to eliminate moisture or other impurities from gas streams. Once the desiccant is saturated with moisture, it can be recycled through a process of regeneration. The regeneration process is a form of drying, in which water or some other liquid is evaporated from a solid material to reduce the content of liquid to some acceptable value. During regeneration, hot air or inert gas is used to dry the adsorbent. This is a form of thermal vaporization which is a highly energy intensive process. Various different types of drying equipment are available depending on the ...

The Different Cases of Diabetes Experience Research Paper

The Different Cases of Diabetes Experience - Research Paper Example Physically, I have to continuously track my food intake and have to be careful about my exercise and activity level. It puts a lot of strain as I cannot let go of myself like normal people. I have also lost a lot of weight and at times am overcome with tiredness. I will weak and avoid taking additional responsibilities at the office as I know I cannot cope up with it much.How has being diagnosed with diabetes affecting your emotional/mental health?Emotional/mental health I feel that I have become a little depressed at times as I have to be extra careful with my food, with my daily routine and with my overall health. I fear that if I hurt my self, even in a small way, I will not be able to recover.Q4. What were the complications and side effects once diagnosed with diabetes? The most prominent side effect that I can feel is deterioration of my eyesight. I see that my eyesight is failing, and every day I fear that I will completely lose my eyesight.Q5. Have you been involved in designing a treatment or care plan for managing your diabetes. Please describe.As I have Type 1 diabetes, my doctor initially gave me a few sessions about keeping my sugar levels under control, diet and activity level. I was given a diet chart and then I started doing my own research on food and diabetes and now have a strict routine and schedule for my day.Q6. Have your diabetes medical advisors discussed any treatment options withyou? If so, what were these alternative treatments? None. Just need to use Insulin shots and manage my diet Q7. What do you find most difficult about your diabetes? Â  The healthy diet, exercising, doing injections, testing glucose levels, I don’t find anything difficult, other, please specifyQ8. Why do you find it so difficult? It is unnerving to inject yourself day after day.Q9. Do you feel different than other people because of diabetes? Certainly, I don’t have the freedom to eat or exert myself as normal people can Q11. How has diabetes had an impact on your quality of life and well-being?

Is it possible to overcome the Holocaust Discuss with reference to the Essay

Is it possible to overcome the Holocaust Discuss with reference to the respective responses of both Jean Amery and Primo Levi - Essay Example It assesses how holocaust literature was formed and many famous writers of that time involved in spending their time on writing over the event. The essay represents the work of Jean Amery and Primo Levi who were survivors of the holocaust. Their work held much significant value and had some similarities and differences. All in all the literature and historical reviews showed how the Jews got over the trauma and overcame the holocaust with reference to responses made by known writers of that time. Some books are also referred in this regard. The understanding to the holocaust is an important factor. It was recognized as a systematic and state-sponsored murder of six million Jews by the Nazi Germany and their collaborations. Holocaust may have several meanings in different contexts. From one of its origins it means sacrifice by fire and from the other, destruction. The Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, and they believed that the Germans were superior to the Jews, who were inferior and a threat to the racial community of the Germans. The era of holocaust did not only target the Jews, but in fact the Germans also targeted many other groups due to their belief that they are racially inferior. The groups were targeted on political, behavioral, ideological and social grounds (Kremer, 2003, p. 12). The Jewish population of Europe in 1933 stood at over nine million. Most of these European Jews lived in Nazi Germany and tended to occupy and influence the World War II and its proceedings. Eventually by 1945, the German collaborators had killed two out of every three Jews. This was a part of the Final Solution which was a policy of the Nazi Germany to kill the European Jews. These Jews were deemed as a danger to Germany, and even then they were victims of the Nazi racism. Other victims of the killing were Roma (Gypsies), and also included some physically and mentally disabled patients who were Germans but they

Principles of Health Care Practice Code of Conduct Essay Example for Free

Principles of Health Care Practice Code of Conduct Essay 1.1 Introduction I am writing this report as a requirement for my HNC Health Care course which will be submitted to Christine Hughes. In this report I will be comparing and contrasting two health care professions, the two health care professions I have chosen to compare is nursing and social work. The report will be highlighting the principles of healthcare, such as Education and Registration, (still to finish) 1.2 Nursing Education Registration To train to be a qualified nurse you undertake either a pre-registration diploma or degree at university this is normally a three year programme. Degrees and diploma programmes comprise of 50% theory and 50% practice, with time split between the higher education institute. Nursing is organised into four branches Adult, Children, Mental Health and Learning Disabilities. During the first year of nurse training you are introduced to all of the key areas as part of the Common Foundation Programme. In the second and third year you focus on a specific branch, which runs the course. Registered nurses and midwives are responsible for assessing the needs of individuals, planning and implementing their care, and evaluating the effectiveness. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) is the statutory regulatory body for nursing, midwifery and health visiting in the United Kingdom. All nurses working in the UK, including those trained abroad, need to be registered with the NMC in order to practice as a nurse in the UK, of that care. All qualified nurses, midwives and health visitors are required to be members of the NMC in order to practice. If nurses, midwives or health visitors are found guilty of misconduct, the NMC has the authority to strike them off the register. www.nhscareers.nhs.uk, www.planitplus.net/careerzone/ www.nursingnetuk 1.3 Social Work Education Registration Social work requires a professional qualification, currently a three year undergraduate honours degree or a two year Masters degree in social work that has been approved by the General Social Care Council (GSCC)). The course involves a combination of course work and a minimum of 200 days spent in practice settings providing the opportunity for lots of practical experience before you actually qualify. The social work qualification is suitable for social workers in all settings and sectors. As a student and once qualified you will need to register with the General Social Care Council (GSCC) which is responsible for regulating the workforce. Previous qualifications in social work including the diploma will continue to be recognised as valid social work qualifications. There are a variety of ways to enter the social work profession, according to age and previous experience. www.socialworkcareers.co.uk, www.planitplus.net/careerzone 2.1 The Nursing Midwifery Council The NMC is the regulatory body for nursing and midwifery; there purpose is to improve the standards of nursing and midwifery care in order to protect the public through professional standards. NMC register all nurses and midwives to ensure that they are properly qualified and competent to work in the UK. They set the standard of education; training and conduct that nurses and midwives will deliver high quality healthcare consistently throughout their careers. NMC also makes sure that nurses and midwives keep all their skills and knowledge up to date and to uphold the standards of their professional code. They also investigate allegations made against nurses and midwives who may not have followed the code. Every registered nurse, midwife or health visitor must renew their registration every three years. Post-registration education and practice (Prep) is set by the NMC which is designed to help nurses and midwifes provide a high standard of practice and care. There are legal requirements set which must be met in order for there registration to be renewed. 2.2 General Social Care Council The General Social Care Council (GSCC) sets standards of conduct for social care employers and workers, this regulates the social care workforce including regulating social work their training and education. The GSCC is responsible for codes of practice for employers and employees in the care sector. Social Care Register is a register of qualified social workers, the registration will ensure that those working in social care meet rigorous registration requirements and will hold them to account for their conduct by codes of practice. Registered social workers are also required to complete post-registration training and learning activities before renewing their registration every three years. Post-registration training and learning requirements that all registered social workers must meet are every social worker registered with the GSCC shall, within the period of registration, complete either 90 hours or 15 days of study, training, courses, seminars, reading, teaching or other activities which could reasonably be expected to advance the social workers professional development. To keep a record of post-registration training and learning undertaken, and failure to meet these conditions may be considered misconduct. Continuing Professional Development in Nursing All registered nurses and midwives are required to take part in continuing professional development (CPD) in order to maintain their professional registration. This is part of the post-registration education and practice (PREP) requirements, set by the Nursing and Midwifery Council NMC. There are two types of PREP, 1. Practice standards and Continuing professional development standards. CPD is fundamental to the development of all health care practitioners, as it is important that nurses keep there knowledge and skills up-to date, to improve standards in the practice and to gain more qualifications. To meet the CPD standards nurses must undertake at least 35 hours of learning activity relevant to their practice every three years, to maintain a personal professional profile of their learning activity and to comply with any requests to audit how they have met these requirements. Nurses and midwives who do not comply with the Prep requirements will cause their registration to lapse and can no longer work as a registered nurse or midwife. These requirements must be met every three years, and are declared at the point that registration is renewed. 3.1 Clinical Governance Clinical governance is the framework through which the NHS is accountable for the continuing improvement of quality of professional standards whilst still safeguarding high standards of care, thereby creating an environment which aims for clinical excellence. It is to ensure that high quality and professional standards are being maintained, and that health professionals are competent to deliver care safely with the right training and skills. This protects the patients from risks and mistakes allowing them to have confidence and faith in their care providers. Clinical governance also ensures that practitioners are accountable for the quality of patient care they provide meaning that they are more likely to question their practice and seek to make it of more benefit to the patients health. If it is found that those standards are not being met or they have got complaints from individuals about there delivery of care, there will be someone answerable for the failures to maintain standards. Nurses are responsible for their own competence and if they carry out treatments or procedures then they will be deeming themselves to do so.

Assisted Suicide Should Not Be Legal Essay -- Argumentative Essays

Assisted Suicide has been a controversial issue for some time now. It is also confused with the term euthanasia; however the two do not mean the same thing. Euthanasia is the killing of another to relieve their pain; whereas assisted suicide is the practice where an individual assist the person committing suicide. The practice of both of these issues reliefs the person that is in pain. Assisted suicide has positive and negative issues. There is a debate on whether it should be legal or not. Some of the positive issues on assisted suicide are it reliefs a person from the pain they are in. The person has the right to choose how they want to die because that falls under the equal protections clause. Oncology patients don’t necessary like the idea of physician assistant suicide. Some negative issues of assisted suicide are that it violates ethics that people may have. Also it is compared to Euthanasia and people find that to be just as bad as assisted suicide. Assisted nor Physician Assisted suicide should be legal in the U.S. In the following essay the articles Technical Difficulties and National Center for Biotechnology Information will help with support and evidence as to why there are benefits and negative issues to assisted suicide, but no matter what it should still not be legal. Assisted suicide has some benefits. One of those benefits is that it helps to end the suffering of the person that is in pain. There was a case of a woman a few years ago who was in pain and the court denied her the request that her husband help her end her life. According to Professors Len Doyal and Lesly Doyal from National Center for Biotechnology Information state that, Diane Pretty was refused the legal right to choose the circu... ...s, but it still however does not change the fact that it is morally wrong to make it legal. It is already illegal here in the United States. One state may have something legal that is similar to assisted suicide but it has a different name. That should be revoked and made illegal. Works Cited â€Å"The Lancet.com – Technical Difficulties.† Thelancet.com – Technical Difficulties. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2014. Doyal, Len, and Lesley Doyal. â€Å"Acknowledgments.† National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 10 Nov. 2001. Web 28 Mar. 2014 â€Å"Equal Protection | World Of Criminal Justice, Gale – Gredo Reference.† Equal Protection |World Of Criminal Justice, Gale – Credo Reference. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2014. â€Å"Credo Reference Where Are You From?† Credo Reference Where Are You From? N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2014

Physical Security Principles Essay

Safety in numbers has always been a deterrent method when leaving or traveling through places that are not safe. But without proper physical security measures set in place when leaving any facility or building the need for a crowd will be of no use. Proper physical security requires accessing the risk that may cause threats, vulnerabilities, and attacks when certain principles are not implemented. Physical security also refers to tangible impediments to attack or unauthorized entry. Safety involves having the building, grounds, access to and from the parking area, and other hidden locations secure by lighting, monitoring, and physical patrol. Physical security should include the inside of the building as well as the outside and adjoining perimeter. Building Security There can never be too much security for a business, corporation, school, or home owner. The threat of an individual causing bodily harm or taking personal belongings without permission are very high if proper equipment and safety precautions are not taken. Proper lighting and cameras should accommodate buildings for the safety and protection of employees, staff, and students. Securing the facility and the type of risk that is ssociated with each building will need analyzing and assessed for protection. Each facility is different when providing security for their site. Federal buildings will not require the same type of protection as a bakery. Security for Building Occupants and Assets (2009) states â€Å" that it may require addressing certain situations such as unauthorized entry/trespass (forced and covert), insider threats, explosive threats, stationary and moving vehicle-delivered, mail bombs, package bombs ballistic threats, small arms, high-powered rifles, drive-by shootings, etc. weapons of mass destruction (chemical, biological, and radiological) disruptive threats (hoaxes, false reports, malicious attempts to disrupt operations) cyber and information security threats† (WBDG, 09). Each business building structure will determine the basic requirements for securing the safety and well being of staff and personnel. One size do not fit all but according to Katz and Capsi, 2003, states â€Å" Prior to running out and ordering millions of dollars of protective equipment, professionals should evaluate the overall security of your facility and a detailed report of the results should be prepared†. Ground Security Another key issue that complements the safety of any building is the lighting of that building. Lighting inside and outside of a building can help deter physical mishaps and attacks The lighting should be situated at every entry and exit and also throughout the building and also positioned correctly for better angles and views of open areas and spaces. Perimeter security lighting should also be available for long corridors and parking garages. Correct lighting in these places can give patrons a better visual of their surroundings and also allow them to see what may be obstructing their path. Having proper lighting and cameras may not be enough to keep out unwanted activity. Employing trained security professionals to patrol the facilities can add to deterring criminals. Hired security guards by a reputable company can add to the buildings safety and that of the patrons coming and going. How likely a crime target any specific building is, depends on the perceived gain to the perpetrator, balanced against his perceived risk of apprehension or defeat (Witherspoon, 2002). The presence of a trained guard can limit the amount of loitering or negative behavior outside and offer a feeling of safety to staff and employees who are ntering or leaving the building. Technology Advancement Physical security for any facility is a major factor for keeping safe and having modern technology on site is a greater addition. Protecting the facilities assets requires the company to stay ahead with modern day upgrades and devices for ensuring that whatever or whomever is gaining access to the property is suppose to be there. Monitoring the individuals who enter through facility access control and perimeter fences or installing video and closed circuit television surveillance can eliminate trespassers and those with no prior business on the property. Personal identification systems can also be established that use fingerprints and biometrics to gain access into any facility for staff and personnel. The amount of technology to use for physical security is unlimited depending on the facility and what needs protecting. Conclusion Physical security involves many components such as location, configuration, size, shape, and many other vital attributes that comes with a standing structure. Keeping people safe on the inside as well as those on the outside requires security principles that go beyond what just the normal eye can see. Applying the correct physical equipment to lower the risk of unwanted behaviors and attacks depends on how well the perimeter is guarded. Advanced technology including cameras and monitoring systems add to the insurance of physical security and if used properly can lower the possibility of threats. There is never an answer for what system works best but using a variety of methods is sure to make leaving work a little safer.

Motives: Philippines

The Philippines is currently one of the best performing economies in the ASEAN region with a GDP of 6.9% in 2007 (The Economist, 2008). This may be attributed to the presidency’s approach towards economic and fiscal reforms such as the implementation of higher Value Added Taxes (The Economist, 2008). However, peace and order may still be on the process of getting a resolution due to slow progress of arrangements with the MILF together with the problems about terrorist group Abu Sayyaf. Still, the Philippine economy holds as one of the best investment climates in the region in light of the government’s cutting of interest rates. Primarily, the country is very strong in consumer and services sector followed by manufacturing (The Economist, 2008). In terms of the economic conditions of the neighboring countries, Thailand still experiences a strong economic stability in terms of foreign investment measures. The inflation rate is still manageable but the country is faced with problems on political uncertainties (The Economist, 2008). The country however is very strong in sectors like tourism and manufacturing. Singapore also has a very good investment climate because of stabilized government policies just like before. Foreign investors are still keen on entering the market which is especially strong in manufacturing, IT and domestic consuming (The Economist, 2008). Comparatively, the three countries do not actually compete with each other since they all belong in the ASEAN economic block. Although each nation has its own economic strengths, all of them follow the agreed procedures of sharing investment structures as part of the ASEAN’s organization policy. In investing in the Philippines, an investor’s main possible issue is with regards to the current strengthening of the Peso. Primarily, this reflects a weakened US dollar which can make it hard for a foreign investor to maximize the investment values. Add to that the increasing dollar remittances from the country’s overseas workers which devaluates the US dollar more. In terms of business management, there are no actual foreseen problems since the government does not interfere in privately segmented investments (The Economist, 2008) References The Economist. 2008. Country Briefings: Profiles, Forecasts, Statistics. Retrieved January 27, 2008 from http://www.economist.com/countries/.

Compare Justinian, Charlemagne essays

Compare Justinian, Charlemagne essays Emperor Justinian ruled from 527-565. He was born in an Illyrian village to a peasant family and joined the army at an early age. He quickly rose in rank, as his uncle Justin was the emperor at that time. He married an actress named Theodora and shortly before his uncle died he claimed the throne. He is noted for various achievements throughout his unusually long reign (there were a whole string of short-lived emperors between Theodosius and him). These included the recapture of many of the western provinces of the empire, the collection of all Roman law, and the building of the Hagia Sophia. These achievements were not however, universally admired, one of his biographers, Procopius, gives us an entirely different view of events and when his accomplishments are mentioned are it is only in a spiteful manner. So there are distinctly different views of his success. It is not doubted that Justinian did achieve a few important things throughout his thirty-eight year reign. He collected together all of the Roman law codes into three parts. Such a feat had not been attempted for over a hundred years, Tribonian and a commission were assigned the task of producing the first comprehensive collection of Roman law since that of Theodosius II in 438 This collection obviously showed his political foresight and earned him respect as a leader, because all of the rulers over the previous hundred years had been military men, interested solely in the art of war and with a poor understanding of politics. Thus in admitting that war was not the only way forward, but in fact internal political affairs were also of consequence Justinian shows us one of his virtues. To say that Justinian did not promote war is not however, true. In fact he commenced an ambitious campaign to retake the territories in the west and Africa that were lost to the barbarians. These acti ons did much to enhance the peoples view of him, as ...

Admiral Raymond Spruance in World War II

Admiral Raymond Spruance in World War II Raymond Spruance - Early Life Career: The son of Alexander and Annie Spruance, Raymond A. Spruance was born at Baltimore, MD on July 3, 1886. Raised in Indianapolis, IN, he attended school locally and graduated from Shortridge High School. After further schooling at the Stevens Preparatory School in New Jersey, Spruance applied to and was accepted by the US Naval Academy in 1903. Graduating from Annapolis three years later, he served two years at sea before receiving his commission as an ensign on September 13, 1908. During this period, Spruance served aboard USS Minnesota during the cruise of the Great White Fleet. Arriving back in the United States, he underwent additional training in electrical engineering at General Electric before being posted to USS Connecticut in May 1910. Following a stint aboard USS Cincinnati, Spruance was made commander of the destroyer USS Bainbridge in March 1913 with the rank of lieutenant (junior grade). In May 1914, Spruance received a posting as Assistant to the Inspector of Machinery at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. Two years later, he aided in the fitting out of USS Pennsylvania, then under construction in the yard. With the battleships completion, Spruance joined its crew and remained aboard until November 1917. With World War I raging, he became Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Navy Yard. In this position, he traveled to London and Edinburgh. With the end of the war, Spruance aided in returning American troops home before moving through a succession of engineering postings and destroyer commands. Having attained the rank of commander, Spruance attended the Senior Course at the Naval War College in July 1926. Finishing the course, he completed a tour in the Office of Naval Intelligence before being posted to USS Mississippi in October 1929 as executive officer. Raymond Spruance - War Approaches: In June 1931, Spruance returned to Newport, RI to serve on the staff of the Naval War College. Promoted to captain the following year, he departed to take the position of Chief of Staff and Aide to Commander Destroyers, Scouting Fleet in May 1933. Two years later, Spruance again received orders for the Naval War College and taught on the staff until April 1938. Leaving, he assumed command of USS Mississippi. Commanding the battleship for nearly two years, Spruance was aboard when World War II began in Europe. Having been promoted to rear admiral in December 1939, he was directed to assume command of the Tenth Naval District (San Juan, PR) in February 1940. In July 1941, his responsibilities were expanded to include oversight of the Caribbean Sea Frontier. After working to defend neutral American shipping from German U-boats, Spruance received orders to take over Cruiser Division Five in September 1941. Traveling to the Pacific, he was in this post when the Japanese attacked Pearl Har bor on December 7 forcing the US to enter the war. Raymond Spruance - Triumph at Midway: In the opening weeks of the conflict, Spruances cruisers served under Vice Admiral William Bull Halsey and took part in raids against the Gilbert and Marshall Islands before striking Wake Island. These attacks were followed by a raid against Marcus Island. In May 1942, intelligence suggested that the Japanese were planning on assaulting Midway Island. Critical for the defense of Hawaii, the commander of the US Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, intended to dispatch Halsey to block the enemy thrust. Falling ill with shingles, Halsey recommended that Spruance lead Task Force 16, centered on the carriers USS Enterprise and USS Hornet, in his stead. Though Spruance had not led a carrier force in the past, Nimitz agreed as the rear admiral would be aided by Halseys staff, including the gifted Captain Miles Browning. Moving into position near Midway, Spruances force was later joined by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletchers TF 17 which included the carrier USS Yorktown. On June 4, Spruance and Fletcher engaged four Japanese carriers at the Battle of Midway. Locating the Japanese carriers as they were rearming and refueling their aircraft, American bombers inflicted massive damage and sank three. Though the fourth, Hiryu, managed to launch bombers which caused critical damage to Yorktown, it too was sunk when American aircraft returned later in the day. A decisive victory, Spruance and Fletchers actions at Midway helped turn the tide of the Pacific war in favor of the Allies. For his actions, Spruance received the Distinguished Service Medal and, later that month, Nimitz named him as his Chief of Staff and Aide. This was followed by a promotion to Deputy Commander in Chief, US Pacific Fleet in September. Raymond Spruance - Island Hopping: In August 1943, Spruance, now a vice admiral, returned to sea as Commander Central Pacific Force. Overseeing the Battle of Tarawa in November 1943, he guided Allied forces as they advanced through the Gilbert Islands. This was followed by an assault on Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands on January 31, 1944. Successfully concluding operations, Spruance was promoted to admiral in February. That same month, he directed Operation Hailstone which saw American carrier aircraft repeatedly strike the Japanese base at Truk. During the attacks, the Japanese lost twelve warships, thirty-two merchant ships, and 249 aircraft. In April, Nimitz divided command of the Central Pacific Force between Spruance and Halsey. While one was at sea, the other would be planning their next operation. As part of this reorganization, the force became known as the Fifth Fleet when Spruance was in charge and the Third Fleet when Halsey was in command. The two admirals presented a contrast in styles as Spruance tended to be quiet and meticulous while Halsey was brash and more impetuous. Moving forward in mid-1944, Spruance embarked on a campaign in the Marianas Islands. Landing troops on Saipan on June 15, he defeated Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa at the Battle of the Philippine Sea a few days later. In the fighting, the Japanese lost three carriers and around 600 aircraft. The defeat effectively destroyed the Japanese Navys air arm. Following the campaign, Spruance turned the fleet over to Halsey and began planning operations to capture Iwo Jima. As his staff worked, Halsey used the fleet to win the Battle of Leyte Gulf. In January 1945, Spruance resumed command of the fleet and began moving against Iwo Jima. On February 19, American forces landed and opened the Battle of Iwo Jima. Mounting a tenacious defense, the Japanese held out for over a month. With the islands fall, Spruance immediately moved forward with Operation Iceberg. This saw Allied forces move against Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands. Close to Japan, Allied planners intended to use Okinawa as a springboard for the eventual invasion of the Home Islands. On April 1, Spruance began the Battle of Okinawa. Maintaining a position offshore, the Fifth Fleets ships were subjected to relentless kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. As Allied forces battled on the island, Spruances ships defeated Operation Ten-Go on April 7 which saw the Japanese battleship Yamato attempt to break through to the island. With Okinawas fall in June, Spruance rotated back to Pearl Harbor to begin planning the invasion of Japan. Raymond Spruance - Postwar: These plans proved moot when the war came to an abrupt end in early August with the use of the atom bomb. For his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa, Spruance was awarded the Navy Cross. On November 24, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet. He remained in the position only briefly as he accepted a posting as President of the Naval War College on February 1, 1946. Returning to Newport, Spruance remained at the college until retiring from the US Navy on July 1, 1948. Four years later, President Harry S. Truman appointed him as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines. Serving in Manila, Spruance remained abroad until resigning his post in 1955. Retiring to Pebble Beach, CA, he died there on December 13, 1969. After his funeral, he was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery near the grave of his wartime commander, Nimitz. Selected Sources HistoryNet: Raymond Spruance - Modest Victor of Midway California Military Museum: Raymond Spruance

Forbidden practices, food, and drinks in Islam Research Paper

Forbidden practices, food, and drinks in Islam - Research Paper Example In the western world and in other major religion dating and premarital sex is generally accepted but this is a forbidden act among Muslims. Young persons of the opposite sex are not allowed to be together by themselves. One could question how does a relationship develops between young persons which can lead to marriage. There is a systematic way in which this can be done. Persons of the same sex are encouraged to foster good friendships that they will have for a lifetime. Through these friendships they will get to know families of their friends and this can lead to potential marriage at the appropriate time. Marriage just does not happen as is the practice of couples who are non-Muslims. It follows a pattern. Firstly the young person inquires of Allah as to who the person should be. He asks for spiritual help in finding the right person. On a personal level the family communicates among the members of the family who the partner should be. It is normal for the parents to approach anot her family where there is a potential partner. Even after the couple and the family decide that the marriage should take place, the two persons who have decided to marry will never meet alone, by themselves. They always have to be accompanied by others. This action is a direct command given by the Prophet Muhammad who warns against the potential danger of two unmarried persons of the opposite sex meeting alone. â€Å"Not one of you should meet a woman alone unless she is accompanied by a relative. Whenever a man is alone with a woman, Satan is the third among them.† Muslims are forbidden to marry blood relatives or persons from another religion. Blood relatives include parents, sisters, brothers, foster parents, in-laws, maternal and paternal uncles, aunts, nieces and nephews. There are some days which Muslims do not chose to get married. Days such as the day when the death of the Prophet is commemorated and other days of mourning are forbidden days for persons who are gettin g married. There are some sexual acts that are forbidden even between married couples. One of the most common one is the law of Islam that forbids men to have sexual intercourse with their wives during the time of their menstrual periods. This law is mentioned in the Quran. â€Å"Menstruation is a discomfort. Do not establish sexual relations with them during their menses and do not approach them until the blood stops. Then when they have cleansed themselves, you go into them as Allah has commanded you. There is a technical period and terminology that goes with the definition for menstruation. It is not considered to be menstruation if the bleeding occurs less than three day. It is called menstruation if it runs between three and ten days. Similarly a woman who has a menstrual period for over ten days can have sexual relations with her husband on the eleventh day since this would be termed as irregular bleeding. Husbands are also not allowed to have sex with their wives during the day in the month of Ramadan, for ten days after the woman has given birth and also during the time the couple is on pilgrimage to Mecca. Homosexuality and other unnatural sexual acts are strictly forbidden in Islam. There is also reference in the Quran about homosexuality. â€Å"Do ye commit lewdness such as no people in creation committed before you? For ye practice your lusts on men in preference to women: ye are indeed a people transgressing beyond bounds.†

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 24

Leadership - Essay Example Basically, for any institution to thrive there must be a leader; consequently, it is vital find out how leadership can be applied in the military. What is the difference between a normal leaders and an army leader? It is a fact that any army leader has to have the highest form of discipline above all other leadership virtues to be capable to command missions and the taskforce he/ she is responsible for. Hence, the key difference between an army leader and the normal leader is discipline. Army leadership entails having the right skills; experience; competency; ability to manage emotions; a sound mind and physical fitness. In addition, an individual should: have a brave face and hold his/her head up high even when facing the worst forms of combat; have the ability to delegate and be driven by the seven army principles at heart. This will instill the desire to lead, improve and strive for the highest ranks within their subordinates. We presumed that the leader of a troop, mission, and camp is always yelling, shouting and ordering people around, expecting everyone in the troop to act in a certain manner, in order to achieve victory in combats and missions. This is falsified notion, since it is common knowledge that any supervisor and/ or leader who is always giving orders, pushing people around, who does not give correct and clear instructions faces resistance, demoralizes the subordinates in this case the soldiers knowingly or unknowingly which has dire effects in the long run. According to the Army Leadership Institute (2002), it is vital for an army leader to give the subordinates room to grow; make the subordinates feel that they are valuable assets; enable them to take chances to gain the necessary experience and nurture their skills. As a result, the subordinates will impart the knowledge they gain from these experiences onto other subordinates. Nonetheless, the leader will still supervise

Contemporary business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Contemporary business - Essay Example In addition, the report will include examples on Coca Cola, Toyota and leadership style of Bill Gates to support all the discussions. Finally, a conclusion will be provided to summarise all research findings and mentioned business management issues / problems. Before critically analysing the functions and management issues in a global business to identify ways to reduce risk and improve organisational effectiveness, I first would like to throw light over what we mean by efficiency and effectiveness. Organisational efficiency refers to the capability of a business enterprise to produce maximum output with the help of same available sources. In other words, it could be defined as an ability to produce same level of output with fewer sources. The world has become a global village after the contemporary developments and advancements in information technology and communication networks. These recent advancements and improvements in media networks and advertising have greatly affected the attitudes, beliefs, behaviours, lifestyles and perceptions. At the same time, this has also created many business opportunities for enterprises. In fact, many businesses have gone global and have become transnational, multinational or supranational corporations with operations all across the world. Companies today are expanding their operations all across the globe to target a large group of potential customers who are heavily exposed to media, and who now have relatively similar lifestyles (inclination towards a white collar job, brands, facilities, luxuries etc). On the other hand, customers have also become very demanding, since they seek value and are inclined towards new and innovative products. In short, it could be said that busines ses have to deal with a large diverse group of customers who have both willingness and ability towards different innovative and existing products. Businesses usually have many different international market entry

Geoinformatics Research Centre Essay Example for Free

Geoinformatics Research Centre Essay The two countries are in the same hemisphere, and temperature latitudes but situated on either side of the prime meridian. In this context, the paper looks at some of the specific viticulture related aspects in different modalities, such as vector (point, contour), raster and text formats and then investigates into analysing the multimodal data collectively at a regional scale which is considered as appropriate for such a comparative study in this specific domain. The commonly used major themes for modelling viticulture and wine production until to date have been; growing degree days (GDD), minimum/ maximum temperatures during berry ripening, frost days at budburst for the wine regions within a country or in the world, and are briefly outlined. Meanwhile, at a relatively recent meso / micro scale (precision viticulture) modelling using grapevine vegetative growth and grape yield requires expensive equipment for multispectral satellite/ aerial borne imagery and yield data acquisition. Following a brief outline on the use of contemporary technologies, such as GPS, and methodologies to analyse information integrated into GIS, the paper then elaborates on the results of a comparative study conducted on seven major wine regions of New Zealand and Chile using GIS based thematic mappings of terrain, topography, climatic conditions, grapevine varieties as well as wine quality, the latter represented by regional vintage ratings, sommelier comments and wine label ratings. The results of one-way ANOVA tests show the difference across viticulture climate regimes of the seven regions as significant (95% confident). However, between countries the difference is significant only for dew point in November and December, sea level pleasure in December, and total precipitation in December. Keywords: viticulture, wine quality Legend Major lines of Latitude Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Cancer Equator Prime Meridian Chile Colchagua Maipo Santiago New Zealand Hawkes Bay Martinborough Martinborough Central Otago Figure 1. Chilean and NZ wine regions and viticulture climate regimes (base climate) source: http://www. weatherbase. com (T=Temperature) 1146 Shanmuganathan et al. , Analysing the Wine Regions of New Zealand and Chile: a GIS perspective . INTRODUCTION New Zealand and Chile are among the well-known â€Å"New World† wine producing countries. Incidentally, the major wine regions of the two nations are also in the same hemisphere, and temperature latitudes but on the opposite sides of the prime meridian. The rapid progress achieved in producing premium wine from these regions over the last few years have been described as remarkable hence a comparative study of this nature especially, on grapevine varieties cultivated and wine styles produced from the regions of the two countries would be appropriate. It is also considered as a timely one because the wine regions of both old and new world countries are seen as highly vulnerable to the predicted global climate change in the near future (Jones, 2007, Web, 2006). In this context, the paper looks at some of the specific viticulture related aspects in different modalities, such as vector (point, contour), raster and text formats and then investigates into analysing the multimodal data collectively at a regional scale which is considered as appropriate for uch a comparative study and for analysing the effects of climate on viticulture and wine production. The paper presents an overview of 1) the base climate and the 2) a detailed description of modelling the seasonal variability in climate and on grapevine phenology as well as wine quality. Interestingly, until to date, the commonly used major themes for modelling viticulture and wine production have been; †¢ †¢ †¢ growing degree days (GDD), minimum/ maximum temperatures during berry ripening, frost days for the wine regions in relation to varietal tolerance within a country/ in the world. Meanwhile, modelling at micro and meso scales using modern precision viticulture (or PV) using grapevine vegetative growth and grape yield with finer details integrated into a GIS, requires expensive GPS fitted equipment for multispectral satellite/ aerial borne imagery and yield data acquisition. PV is about the use of GPS and GIS technologies (at the micro scale) to understand the impact of plant-soilwater dynamics at different phenological growth stages on vine physiology in order to achieve improved yield by introducing subtle changes to vineyard management practices. Such a multipurpose integrated approach to mapping soil spatial properties illustrated in (Buss, et al. ,2005) as well described the success of the approch in generating irrigation management zones, evaluating the performance of the new irrigation schedules and the use of near continuous soil-water profile dynamics in irrigation scheduling, implementation and management strategies. The irrigation management strategies included were; regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial root zone drying (PRD). Similarly, many more studies have reported on the complex and challenging issues relating to managing the dynamic relationship between site, soil, water and phenological stage, vine and wine quality within and among vineyards using a GIS and integrated data captured using wireless sensors (Fuentes, 2005). There is also research reported outside of Australia into climate and environmental factors integrated with the irrigation management in grapevines which are a traditionally nonirrigated crop (Cifre, et al. , 2005: Patakas, et al. , 2005: Ben-Asher, et al. 2006 : Guix-Hebrard, et al. , 2007). Recently remote sensing has led to the use of airborne multispectral and hyperspectral imagery incorporated into GIS for yield mapping integrated with soil or other properties such as soil spatial variability, vegetative growth, vulnerability to diseases (Ferreiro-Arm? an, et al. , 2006). Since the late 1990s, there has been significant progress in the use of PV with advanced GIS functions for monitoring yield and soil-water-plant dynamics with commercially available devices and technologies (Bramley, 2001). However, yield mapping against vigour in vegetation over vintages is a very recent method, as far as Australian viticulture is concerned only three years old. Despite this recent introduction, it has been shown that a number of Australian wine grape growing areas could have grape yields in single management unites varying as much as 8 to 10 fold. The surveys also emphasised the need for more data within individual blocks on yield, fruitvine indices and soil properties to optimise yield, and to find the blocks that produce high yield, by overlaying the data on different thematic mappings in a GIS. With that introduction to the use of contemporary technologies and methodologies for analysing information integrated into a GIS at the micro scale, the next section elaborates on the methods utilised for comparing and contrasting the wine regions of New Zealand and Chile using GIS climatic conditions, grapevine varieties as well as wine quality based on regional vintage ratings at the regional scale, and then sommelier comments and wine ratings at the vineyard level. 1147 Shanmuganathan et al. Analysing the Wine Regions of New Zealand and Chile: a GIS perspective 2. VITICULTURE AND THE CLIMATE Grapevine is among the most expensive cultivated and sensitive crops (Jones, 2007). Different grapevine varieties thrive under specific ideal climate conditions and niche local environmental settings, such as well drained soil, site aspect (compass direction of the slope). Due to this reason viticulturists undertake extensive investigations when selecting a site and the grape variety for a vin eyard. Of the many factors, base climate1 is the main factor used to determine a variety for the site. Once several blocks of vineyards have been established in a broader area, its climate patterns (or macro climate) becomes identified with certain grapevine clones of Vitis vinifer (or wine styles) for that area covering about 100 to 1000 miles, also referred to as the regional scale (Jones, et al. , 2003). Such base climate regimes and their varieties of seven wine regions (four from New Zealand and three from Chile) are shown in figures 1 and 2, and Table 1 respectively. On the other hand the quality of vintage wines is determined by the seasonal weather patterns that ripened the grapes. In view of the above factors the analysis is conducted in three parts; 1. 2. Initially, the base climate and wine styles famously linked with the major wine region of Chile and New Zealand are outlined. Secondly, the regional ratings and monthly climate data from (Wine Enthusiast wine vintage chart, February 2011 p56-57) (http://www7. ncdc. noaa. gov) respectively are analysed to establish the correlations between the regional wine quality ratings and the climate data. In the third part, quality of vintage wines are analysed to establish the correlations between wine descriptors extracted from sommelier comments (text) and their corresponding ratings (numeric) also provided by sommeliers. Chardonnay style Vintage wines from all seven regions are analysed individually and altogether to find the descriptors used for high and low rated vintages of this style. 3. 3. MODELLING THE CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS Observations and results of this three part analysis are discussed in this section. 3. 1. Viticulture climate regimes of New Zealand and Chile The major wine regions of New Zealand and Chile (the viticulture climate regimes) as well as wine styles produced from the regions are listed in Figure 1 and Table 1. The viticulture climate regions of Chile seem to exhibit the extremes at both high and low temperatures (see Figure 1 graph). Furthermore, Pinot Grigio/ Gris are not grown in any of the Chilean regions. Of the all seven regions Colcahgua exhibits the lowest annual recorded temperature (-10oC) and second highest recorded annual high. Petite Sirah style vine is produced only from Maipo Valley region. Casablanca and Hawkes’s Bay have the mildest conditions in the Chilean and New Zealand regions respectively. Wine styles Chardonnay, Gewurztraminer and Pinot Noir are produced from all seven regions hence could be described as more tolerant varieties. 1 Figure 2. Major wine regions of Chile (left) and New Zealand (right) with the terrain elevation of the regions. Base climate reflects the weather conditions experienced over a longer time period i. e. , 3-5 decades. 148 Shanmuganathan et al. , Analysing the Wine Regions of New Zealand and Chile: a GIS perspective Table 1. Major wine regions of Chile and New Zealand along with the wine (styles) produced from the seven regions during 1990-2009. (Source: http://buyingguide. winemag. com) 3. 2. Seasonal climate change effects on the quality of Chilean and New Zealand wines Seasonal weather is the major influencing factor in determining the quality of vintage wines a part from those arising from grapevine varietal and winemaker experience/ talent. The influence exerted by the seasonal weather as 50% and this can be seen in literature of traditional grapevine growing and winemaking as well as recent research findings (Shanmuganathan, et al. , 2010). In view of this, monthly average, maximum and minimum temperatures, dew point and total precipitation are analysed along with regional wine ratings (figure 3). The monthly averages were calculated from the daily weather data extracted from (www. ncdc. noaa. gov) for the closest stations for each of the seven regions for this work. Meanwhile the regional wine ratings for the seven regions were obtained from 2011 vintage chart (www. inemag. com). The graphs (figures 3 and 4) show the years of high and low vintage ratings at the regional scale and the average variability in weather conditions experienced in the regions between 1990-2009. ANOVA test results One-way ANOVA test results of weather data (monthly averages of daily minimum and maximum temperatures, sea level pressure (slp) an d total precipitation over the growing season September-April (19902009, figure 4), confirm the difference in the seven regions as significant (at 95 % confidence) except for monthly average sea level pressure in February. Meanwhile, One-way ANOVA test conducted to see the difference across countries showed monthly averages of dew point for November, December, average sea level pressure and total precipitation, both for the month of December significant (at 95% confident level). Figure 3. Graphs showing the regional wine ratings of the Chilean (left) and New Zealand (right) wine regions from 1990 to 2009 analysed to establish the correlations between macro climate and regional wine quality. Data source: http://www. winemag. com/PDFs/Vintage_Chart_022011. pdf 1149 Shanmuganathan et al. , Analysing the Wine Regions of New Zealand and Chile: a GIS perspective Figure 4. Seasonal climate variability (averaged for 1990-2009) observed in Chilean and New Zealand regions. Central Otago monthly averages of temperature, dew point and total rainfall are the lowest even though Colchagua base climate graph (figure 1 bottom) exhibits the lowest of all regions. Classification rules WEKA (J48) Rules created with monthly averages of dew point for November, December, average sea level pressure and total precipitation for December (significant by ANOVA test results) are listed in Table 2. 3. 3. Modelling the wine vintages and sommelier comments using ratings Wine styles Chardonnay, Gewurztraminer and Pinot Noir are produced from all seven regions (see table 1), hence Chardonnay wine comments from all seven regions were studied to investigate the correlations between wine descriptors and ratings specified by sommeliers. The sommelier comments extracted from (http://buyingguide. winemag. com) for 556 wines, were programmatically converted into a matrix of 190 wine descriptors and 556 weights (of 350 Chilean and 206 NZ vintages) for this vector space model text mining approach as applied in (Shanmuganathan, et al. , 2009). The vintages used in the sample were from 1996-2010. Of these 190 wine descriptors only 55 were found to be significant by a one-way ANOVA test ran for both Chilean and NZ together and separately. Using this 556 x 55 wine descriptor weight table, rules were generates with C5, CRT (Clementine), JRip and J48 (the latter two WEKA algorithms). For this analysis wine ratings were converted into a binary rate with one (=87). The descriptors found to be correlated with these two ratings are presented in tables3. Furthermore, it could be noticed that a few descriptors used exclusively for describing wines of a particular region and either for one/two rating, for example blanc (for Sauvignon Blanc) is used for Marlborough region (table 4).

A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens Essay -- Ebenezer Scrooge

A pill bug is an insect that forms a hard shell around its soft flesh whenever startled or scared. Just like this pill bug, humans guard themselves from anything that hurts them without realizing that they are shutting out the most precious moments of their lives. Ebenezer Scrooge, the main character of A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, is a cold man. He finds what he defines as true happiness in the form of money and wealth. At first he only seems to be a machine living in a human form, but as Scrooge's true journey and hardships are revealed, it becomes difficult to blame only Scrooge for his independence. It is inevitable that Scrooge's rudeness and impudent ferocity towards people led to the mistreatment of his dead body, but Scrooge's walls were not built for nothing. As the story progresses, and his true story from start to finish is revealed. There is no one person to blame, for it was the wrong of everyone. As Blaise Pascal once said, â€Å"All of humanity's problems ste m from a man's inability to sit quietly in a room alone.† At first glance, Ebenezer Scrooge is a strange man. In his old age, he lives alone in a manor that was once owned by his deceased business partner, the only person he ever interacted with. His thoughts are always cruel and thoughtless as it is displayed when Scrooge says, â€Å" 'If they would rather die,' said Scrooge, 'they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population' †(10). At the story's start, Scrooge is an antisocial person who avoids interactions with people claiming that they are useless. He is viewed by others as a demeaning figure who is to be shunned because of his uninviting manner. People who were content with their lives were surrounded by their peers and neighbors and never encour... ...p to humanity. He once dared to venture to the depths of darkness, where all hope of ever returning would be lost, but he was saved by the the Spirits who helped him realize that he was terrorizing himself. In the end, Scrooge lived with a bigger smile, louder laugh, and jollier step than anybody else; it was a happy ending. Had Scrooge not changed, it would have ended on a dark note with many forgotten deaths and unfortunate stories of dead bodies. Everyone has a choice. Which path of Scrooge will you take? There is no way to limit what society gives us and what problems we are presented in the beginning, but they way we handle and solve these problems become the basis of our everyday lives all the way to our last breath. Every moment in between will cherished as if the last and no person will ever go unfullfilled. Works Cited A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens

Midterm for Information System

MIS EXAM – QUESTIONS 1) Developing a new product, fulfilling an order, and hiring a new employee are examples of business processes. Answer: True False 2) A fully digital firm produces only digital goods or services. Answer: True False 3) A business model describes how a company produces, delivers, and sells a product or service to create wealth. Answer: True False 4) Information technology (IT) consists of all the hardware that a firm needs to use in order to achieve its business objectives, whereas information systems consist of all the software and business processes needed.Answer: True False 5) Computers are only part of an information system. Answer: True False 6) The dimensions of information systems are management, organizations, and information technology. Answer: True False 7) In order to understand how a specific business firm uses information systems, you need to know something about the hierarchy and culture of the company. Answer: True False 8) Business processes are logically related tasks for accomplishing tasks that have been formally encoded by an organization. Answer: True False ) A substantial part of management responsibility is creative work driven by new knowledge and information. Answer: True False 10) Intranets allow firms to work easily with third-party suppliers and vendors. Answer: True False 11) An IT infrastructure provides the platform on which the firm can build its information systems. Answer: True False 12) The six important business objectives of information technology are new products, services, and business models; customer and supplier intimacy; survival; competitive advantage; operational excellence; and A) improved flexibility.B) improved decision making. C) improved business practices. D) improved efficiency. Answer: B 13) Which of the following choices may lead to competitive advantage: (1) new products, services, and business models; (2) charging less for superior products; (3) responding to customers in real tim e? A) 1 only B) 1 and 2 C) 2 and 3 D) 1, 2, and 3 Answer: D 14) The move of retail banking to use ATMs after Citibank unveiled its first ATMs illustrates the use of information systems to achieve which business objective? A) improved efficiency B) customer and supplier intimacy C) survival D) competitive advantageAnswer: C 15) The three activities in an information system that produce the information organizations use to control operations are A) information retrieval, research, and analysis. B) input, output, and feedback. C) input, processing, and output. D) data analysis, processing, and feedback. Answer: C 16) Output A) is feedback that has been processed to create meaningful information. B) is information that is returned to appropriate members of the organization to help them evaluate the input stage. C) transfers data to the people who will use it or to the activities for which it will be used.D) transfers processed information to the people who will use it or to the activiti es for which it will be used. Answer: D 17) Converting raw data into a more meaningful form is called A) capturing. B) processing. C) organizing. D) feedback. Answer: B 18) The fundamental set of assumptions, values, and ways of doing things that has been accepted by most of a company's members is called its A) culture. B) environment. C) atmosphere. D) values. Answer: A 19) The hardware and software used to transfer data in an organization is called A) data management technology. B) networking and data management technology.C) data and telecommunications technology. D) networking and telecommunications technology. Answer: D 20) Networking and telecommunications technologies, along with computer hardware, software, data management technology, and the people required to run and manage them, constitute an organization's A) data management environment. B) networked environment. C) IT infrastructure. D) information system. Answer: C 21) From a business perspective, raw data is transform ed systematically during various stages, transforming it into valuable information, in a process called A) the information value chain.B) the IT value chain. C) information processing. D) feedback. Answer: A 22) The costs for firms operating on a global scale have been drastically reduced by A) networking technology. B) investments in organizational complementary assets. C) the Internet. D) the rise of digital content. Answer: C 23) Which of the following are key corporate assets? A) intellectual property, core competencies, and financial and human assets B) production technologies and business processes for sales, marketing, and finance C) knowledge and the firm's tangible assets, such as goods or services D) time and knowledgeAnswer: A 25) Overproduction or underproduction of goods and services, misallocation of resources, and poor response times are the results of a firm's having A) poor relationships with suppliers. B) poor relationships with customers. C) inadequate information . D) a surplus of information. Answer: C 25) A firm that must invest in new information systems capabilities in order to comply with federal legislation can be said to be investing to achieve which business objective? A) customer intimacy B) operational excellence C) survival D) improved reporting Answer: C 6) Operational management is responsible for directing the day-to-day operations of the business and therefore needs transaction-level information. Answer: True False 27) You would use an MIS to help decide whether to introduce a new product line. Answer: True False 28) Transaction processing systems are most commonly used by the senior management level of an organization. Answer: True False 29) A transaction processing system is a computerized system that performs and records the daily routine transactions necessary to conduct business. Answer: True False 0) Management information systems typically support nonroutine decision making. Answer: True False 31) Functional systems tha t support business processes within a single functional group, such as human resources, are being phased out in favor of cross-functional systems. Answer: True False 32) Managers need TPSs to monitor the status of internal operations and the firm's relations with the external environment. Answer: True False 33) Decision-support systems help managers make decisions that are unique, rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advance.Answer: True False 34) Decision-support systems use internal information as well as information from external sources. Answer: True False 35) ESSs are designed to serve the middle management of the organization. Answer: True False 36) ESSs are designed to incorporate data about external events, but they also draw summarized information from internal MIS and DSS. Answer: True False 37) Enterprise systems often include transactions with customers and vendors. Answer: True False 38) Supply chain management systems are more externally oriented than enterpri se systems.Answer: True False 39) Which of the following is an example of a cross-functional business process? A) identifying customers B) creating a new product C) assembling a product D) paying creditors Answer: B 40) Which type of system would you use to change a production schedule if a key supplier was late in delivering goods? A) ESS B) TPS C) MIS D) DSS Answer: B 41) To monitor the status of internal operations and the firm's relations with the external environment, managers need ________ systems. A) decision-support B) knowledge C) transaction processing D) management information Answer: C 2) Which systems are typically a major source of data for other systems? A) transaction processing systems B) management information systems C) executive support systems D) decision-support systems Answer: A 43) Which type of system would you use to determine the five suppliers with the worst record in delivering goods on time? A) ESS B) TPS C) MIS D) DSS Answer: C 44) A relocation control system that reports summaries on the total moving, house-hunting, and home financing costs for employees in all company divisions would fall into the category of A) knowledge management systems.B) transaction processing systems. C) executive support systems. D) management information systems. Answer: D 45) The term â€Å"management information systems† designates a specific category of information systems serving A) integrated data processing throughout the firm. B) transaction process reporting. C) employees with online access to historical records. D) middle management functions. Answer: D 46) Non-typical business problems with causes and effects that are rapidly changing are typically handled by which type of information system ? A) MIS B) TPS C) ESSD) DSS Answer: D 47)________ systems are especially suited to situations in which the procedure for arriving at a solution may not be fully defined in advance. A) Management information B) Transaction processing C) Decision-su pport D) Knowledge management Answer: C 48) Which type of system would you use to forecast the return on investment if you used new suppliers with better delivery track records? A) ESS B) TPS C) MIS D) DSS Answer: D 49) ESS are specifically designed to serve which level of the organization? A) operational B) end-user C) middle managementD) senior management Answer: D 50) Executive support systems are information systems that support the A) long-range planning activities of senior management. B) knowledge and data workers in an organization. C) decision-making and administrative activities of middle managers. D) day-to-day processes of production. Answer: A 51) Which type of system would you use to determine what trends in your supplier's industry will affect your firm the most in five years? A) ESS B) TPS C) MIS D) DSS Answer: A 52) What is the most important function of an enterprise application?A) increasing speed of communicating B) enabling business functions and departments to share information C) enabling a company to work collaboratively with customers and suppliers D) enabling cost-effective e-business processes Answer: B 53) ________ are designed to support organization-wide process coordination and integration. A) Decision-support systems B) Management information systems C) CRM systems D) Enterprise applications Answer: D 54) Enterprise systems are also known as ________ systems. A) resource planning B) enterprise resource planning C) enterprise supportD)management information Answer: B 55) ________ systems are designed to help firms manage their relationships with their customers. A) CRM B) MIS C) CLE D) CLU Answer: A 56) Which types of systems consolidate the relevant knowledge and experience in the firm to make it available to improve business processes and management decision making? A) TPS B) extranets C) KMS D) CRM Answer: C 57) Which of the following types of system helps expedite the flow of information between the firm and its suppliers and customers? A) intranet B) extranet C) KMS D) TPS Answer: B 8) Which of the following is not one of the fifteen categories of collaborative software tools? A) file sharing B) event scheduling C) white boarding D) extranets Answer: D 59) You work for a highly successful advertiser that is just about to expand nationally. Of utmost importance will be finding a way to store and disseminate their clients' continually updated branding guides, which include multiple image files and text documents, to all of the firm's branches. What system will best serve these needs? A) an intranet with KMS capabilities B) an extranet with KMS capabilitiesC) a TPS with KMS capabilities D) a CRM Answer: B 60) You have been hired by a worldwide non-profit agency to implement a system to handle their donations. The system must be able to handle and record telephone, sms, and Internet donations, provide up-to-the-minute reports, and create highly customizable mailing lists. In addition, event fundraisers nee d to be able to quickly access a donor's information and history. Which of the following systems will best meet these needs? A) TPS B) TPS with DSS capabilities C) TPS with MIS capabilities D) TPS with ESS capabilities Answer: C 1) The interaction between information systems and organizations is influenced A) primarily by the decision making of middle- and senior-managers. B) by many factors, including structure, politics, culture, and environment. C) by two main microeconomic forces: capital and labor. D) primarily by the organization's business processes and culture. Answer: B 62) An organization is a A) stable, formal social structure that takes resources from the environment and processes them to produce outputs. B) formal, legal entity with internal rules and procedures that must abide by laws. C) collection of social elements.D) B and C E) A, B, and C Answer: E 63) How does the technical view of organizations fall short of understanding the full impacts of information systems in a firm? A) It sees information systems as a way to rearrange the inputs and outputs of the organization. B) It sees capital and labor as primary production factors. C) It sees the inputs and outputs, labor and capital, as being infinitely malleable. D) It sees the organization as a social structure similar to a machine. Answer: C 64) All of the following are major features of organizations that impact the use of information systems EXCEPT for A) business processesB) environments C) goals D) agency costs Answer: D 65) Business processes are collections of A) informal practices and behaviors. B) formalized and documented practices. C) routines. D) rights and privileges. Answer: C 66) The costs incurred when a firm buys on the marketplace what it cannot make itself are referred to as A) switching costs. B) transaction costs. C) procurement. D) agency costs. Answer: B 67) Which of the following statements is NOT true about information technology's impacts on business firms? A) It hel ps firms expand in size.B) It helps firms lower the cost of market participation. C) It helps reduce internal management costs. D) It helps reduce transaction costs. Answer: A 68) According to agency theory, the firm is viewed as a(n) A) unified, profit-maximizing entity. B) task force organization that must respond to rapidly changing environments. C) entrepreneurial endeavor. D) â€Å"nexus of contracts† among self-interested individuals. Answer: D 69) The ________ model is used to describe the interaction of external forces that affect an organization's strategy and ability to compete.A) network economics B) competitive forces C) competitive advantage D) demand control Answer: B 70) Which of the following industries has a low barrier to entry? A) automotive B) computer chip C) restaurant D) airline Answer: C 71) Which of the following is NOT one of the competitive forces? A) suppliers B) other competitors C) external environment D) customers Answer: C 72) A manufacturer of deep-sea oil rigs may be least concerned about this marketplace force. A) product differentiation B) traditional competitors C) low number of suppliers D) new market entrants Answer: D 3) A firm can exercise greater control over its suppliers by having A) more suppliers. B) fewer suppliers. C) global suppliers. D) local suppliers. Answer: A 74) The four major types of competitive strategy are A) low-cost leadership; substitute products and services; customers; and suppliers. B) low-cost leadership; product differentiation; focus on market niche; and customer and supplier intimacy. C) new market entrants; substitute products and services; customers; and suppliers. D) low-cost leadership; new market entrants; product differentiation; and focus on market niche.Answer: B 75) When a firm provides a specialized product or service for a narrow target market better than competitors, they are using a ________ strategy. A) product differentiation B) market niche C) mass customization D) proc ess efficiency Answer: B 76) ________ is the ability to offer individually tailored products or services using the same production resources as bulk production. A) Mass customization B) Size customization C) Magnitude customization D) Dimension customization Answer: A 77) Hilton Hotels' use of customer information software to identify the most rofitable customers to direct services to is an example of using information systems to A) strengthen customer intimacy. B) differentiate their service. C) focus on market niche. D) increase efficiency. Answer: C 78) An information system can enable a company to focus on a market niche through A) complex trend forecasting. B) tailoring products to the client. C) intensive product trend analysis. D) intensive customer data analysis. Answer: D 79) Upon which of the following industries has the Internet as a whole been a disruptive technology? A) bill payments B) air travelC) books D) real estate Answer: B 80) Internet technology A) makes it easy for rivals to compete on price alone. B) imposes a significant cost of entry, due to infrastructure requirements. C) increases the difference between competitors because of the wide availability of information. D) makes it easy to sustain operational advantages. Answer: A 81) The Internet raises the bargaining power of customers by A) creating new opportunities for building loyal customer bases. B) making more products available. C) making information available to everyone. D) lowering transaction costs.Answer: C 82) A virtual company A) uses the capabilities of other companies without being physically tied to those companies. B) uses Internet technology to maintain a virtual storefront. C) uses Internet technology to maintain a networked community of users. D) provides entirely Internet-driven services, or virtual products. Answer: A 83) The four key technical trends responsible for current ethical stresses related to information technology are (1) doubling of computer power every 18 months, (2) data analysis advances, (3) declining data storage costs, and (4) ________.A) advances in wireless networking B) international standards for data protection C) networking advances and the Internet D) increased ease in file sharing and copying Answer: C 84) The use of computers to combine data from multiple sources and create electronic dossiers of detailed information on individuals is called A) profiling. B) phishing. C) spamming. D) targeting. Answer: A 85) Accepting the potential costs, duties, and obligations for the decisions you make is referred to as A) responsibility. B) accountability. C) liability. D) due process. Answer: A 6) The feature of political systems in which a body of laws is in place that permits individuals to recover the damages done to them by other actors, systems, or organizations is referred to as A) accountability. B) responsibility. C) due process. D) liability. Answer: D 87) The feature of social institutions that means mechanisms are in place to determine responsibility for an action is called A) due process. B) accountability. C) the courts of appeal. D) the judicial system. Answer: B 88) Which of the following is not one of the five steps discussed in the chapter as a process for analyzing an ethical issue?A) Assign responsibility. B) Identify the stakeholders. C) Identify the options you can reasonably take. D) Identify and clearly describe the facts. Answer: A 89) The ethical â€Å"no free lunch† rule states that A) if an action cannot be taken repeatedly, then it is not right to be taken at any time. B) one should take the action that produces the least harm or incurs the least cost. C) one can put values in rank order and understand the consequences of various courses of action. D) everything is owned by someone else, and that the creator wants compensation for this work. Answer: D 0) European privacy protection is ________ than in the United States. A) less far-reaching B) less liable to laws C) much less stringent D) much more stringent Answer: D 91) The Internet has made the protection of intellectual property A) more difficult, because of the lack of enforcable regulations. B) easier, because of the proliferation of creative and professional software. C) more difficult, because of the ease of copying and transmitting digitized media. D) easier, because of the ability to track user behavior and visits to Web sites and file-sharing services.Answer: C 92) When a cookie is created during a Web site visit, it is stored A) on the Web site computer. B) on the visitor's computer. C) on the ISP's computer. D) in a Web directory. Answer: B 93) The Online Privacy Alliance A) encourages self-regulation to develop a set of privacy guidelines for its members. B) protects user privacy during interactions with Web sites. C) has established technical guidelines for ensuring privacy. D) is a government agency regulating the use of customer information. Answer: A 4) Intellectual property can b est be described as A) intangible property created by individuals or corporations. B) the expression of an intangible idea. C) unique creative work or ideas. D) tangible or intangible property created from a unique idea. Answer: A 95) A limitation of trade secret protection for software is that A) it does not protect against copying the underlying ideas behind the software. B) it is difficult to compare one piece of software to another. C) it is difficult to prevent the ideas in the work from falling into the public domain.D) few software programs contain truly unique elements. Answer: C 96) The strength of patent protection is that it A) puts the strength of law behind copyright. B) allows protection from Internet theft of ideas put forth publicly. C) is easy to define. D) grants a monopoly on underlying concepts and ideas. Answer: D 97) One of the difficulties of patent protection is A) that only the underlying ideas are protected. B) digital media cannot be patented. C) preventin g the ideas from falling into public domain. D) the years of waiting to receive it. Answer: D 8) In general, it is very difficult to hold software producers liable for their software products when those products are considered to be A) part of a machine. B) similar to books. C) services. D) artistic expressions. Answer: B 99) The most common source of business system failure is A) software bugs. B) software errors. C) hardware or facilities failures. D) data quality. Answer: D 100) Two of the three principal sources of poor system performance are A) software bugs and errors and outdated standards. B) hardware or facility failures and malware.C) hardware or facility failures and poor input data quality. D) poor input data quality and insufficient integration with legacy systems. Answer: C 101) The practice of spamming has been growing because A) telephone solicitation is no longer legal. B) it is good advertising practice and brings in many new customers. C) it helps pay for the Inte rnet. D) it is so inexpensive and can reach so many people. Answer: D 102) Which of the five moral dimensions of the information age does spamming raise? A) quality of life B) system quality C) accountability and control D) information rights and obligations Answer: A